Water and Sanitation Local Cooperation's RSIP
Annotated content page RSIP(Note for the reader; this annotated content page has been developed to facilitate the development of the Resilience and Service Improvement Plan (RSIP) report
1 Summary of the plan
This section provides a brief summary of the main problems and actions that were identified to enhance the performance of the utility and improve its resilience. The summary presents the main problems and solutions that have been identified related to the financial, administrative and technical performance, whilst also looking at possible environmental and man-made threats (Table 1).This section visualizes a brief summery for the main problems and procedures that were identified to enhance the performance of the utilities and improve its resilience plan. The summery also demonstrates main problems and the optimal solutions that have been identified regarding Financial, administrative and technical performance. It also highlights the possible environmental and humanitarian threats.
Table 1 Summary of main problems, proposed actions and time frame
The main problems and proposed actions are briefly presented below under three* main subheadings:
Financial, administrative and consumer related risks
Risk and intervention 1: …….. (just the name or a brief explanation of the problem; followed by the proposed intervention in a little more detail than indicated in the table)
Risk and intervention 2: …..
Risk and intervention 3: ……
Technical risks
Risk and intervention 1: …….
Risk and intervention 2: ……..
Risk and intervention 3: …….
This summery will very much help sharing the planned activities with different actors.
| 1 | Cases of fuel shortages and lack of energy. | <3 Low risk |
| 2 | The main database server is out of service. | <3 Low risk |
| 3 | stop government support to pay employees' salaries | <3 Low risk |
| 4 | Lack to replace the old employees after their retirement | <3 Low risk |
| 5 | Suspension of the important government funding to the LC (development, upgrading, studies, supply of equipment, machinery and construction materials) which would develop the infrastructure of Aden Governorate | <3 Low risk |
| 6 | Low bill collection from consumers leading to low revenue | <3 Low risk |
| 7 | The work in the workshops was disrupted due to the looting of most of the workshop tools. | <3 Low risk |
| 8 | Failure to apply the organizational structure of the institution instead applying the newly prepared emergency plan and the strategic plan for the year 2021-2025 | <3 Low risk |
| 9 | Low tariff that does not cover operating and maintenance costs | <3 Low risk |
| 10 | decline of production of the old water wells | low risk |
| 11 | The occurrence of electrical short cut leads to a power cut from the field network and the lack of safety and protection for networks. | low risk |
| 12 | The main pumps stopped in the wells due to frequent failures and lack of maintenance | low risk |
| 13 | The generators are out of service due to the lack of spare parts, their obsolescence, and the lack of maintenance | low risk |
| 14 | The corrosion of the main metallic water tanks leading to be out of service | low risk |
| 15 | The main stock of spare parts has run out in the organization's warehouses leading to no maintenance work | low risk |
| 16 | Pollution in the water network | low risk |
| 17 | Network condition deterioration | low risk |
| 18 | The main pumping station stopped | low risk |
| 19 | A dangerous event (And how could this danger risk) | low risk |
| 20 | Sewerage network has deteriorated due to its obsolescence and lack of regular maintenance. | low risk |
| 21 | An increase in the amount of discharge into the sewage network and then to pumping stations | low risk |
| 22 | A blockage in the sewage network and an overflow of sewage in the streets | low risk |
| 23 | Pollution of sea water as a result of wastewater discharge to the sea directly. | low risk |
| 24 | The emission of gases polluting the environment as a result of the lack of maintenance of sewage pumping stations. | low risk |
| 25 | Exposure of people to epidemics and pandemic diseases spread through water and sanitation. | low risk |
| 26 | Cases of poisoning that workers may be exposed to as a result of the gases evolved from sewage treatment ponds and pumps. | low risk |
| 27 | Land-grabbing of the treatment plant ponds site at more than one location within the governorate. | low risk |
2 Introduction
The resilience and service improvement plan (RSIP) for the water utility ……….. was developed in ….., by a small team of .. persons (Annex 1). It presents an overview of the water supply and sewerage system, its main components, and the main problems related to the performance of the organization and the risks that have been identified related to the water quality, quantity and continuity of the water supply waste water services. It outlines the envisaged actions that have been prioritised to be implemented to enhance performance and improve resilience to respond to natural and manmade disasters. It includes a time frame, an indication of responsible actors, and provides a brief description of the monitoring and review process that is envisaged. The plan also looks at the risks related to the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 virus.
Revise text: Whereas there is no indication of transmission of this virus through water supply, the pandemic may cause serious disruptions in system operations This may include shortage of staff, power disruptions, and shortages of chemicals and other supplies, caused for example by Government directives. Protecting the health and safety of employees needs to be emphasized in the risk mitigation plan to ensure that essential functions can be maintained..
The RSIP was approved by …. on …. (date), and will be reviewed on …. (date)
Table 2. Basic information about the utility and its customers
This section provides basic information of the water utility and its customers (Table 2)
| Name of the utility | Local Water and Sanitation Corporation in Aden |
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| City/Governorate | Aden |
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| City Population | 1,127,800 |
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| Number of customers (water supply / wastewater) | 139,828 Water 140000 ; Sanitation 121000 |
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| Water supply/ Waste water coverage | 86% Water Supply 86%; Sewerage network 75% |
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| How many internally displaced persons (IDP) are served by the system (and % of IDP in area) | (100%) 900000 |
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| Per capita water demand (l/c/d) | 150 |
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| Average water demand (m3/day)Untitled | 150,000 |
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| Average water production (m3/day) | 101,950 |
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| Average water volume billed (m3/day) | 58,638 - 59,492 m3/day |
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| Per capita consumption (l/c/d), (billed) | 52 |
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| Operating hours/day and day/week | 24 hrs from the source with an average of 7 hours a day for each directorate |
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| Main Power source | public network, generators |
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| Number of staff | 2025 |
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| Non-revenue water (NRW) (%) | 42.47% |
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| Average volume of waste water produced (m3/day) | 49,000 |
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| Average volume of waste water treated (m3/day) | 17,000 |
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Table 3a. Financial performance of the water branch of the utility
Financial performance of the water branch of the utility
| Rate revenues(metered) per year | 2,656,640,000 |
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| Income from flat rates (not metered) per year | - |
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| Income from commercial customers per year | 519,681,000 |
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| Income from public taps, if any per year | - |
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| Subsidy (government, municipality) per year | 2,496,315,744 |
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| Other income (specify) per year | - |
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| Total annual income | 1,332,336,000 |
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| Total annual expenditures | 4,784,349,000 |
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| Collection efficiency (payment received/billed amount/year) | 32% |
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| Annual cost recovery from users (income from users /expenditures) | % 17.47 |
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| Average cost of water production and distribution (per m3) | 129 |
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Table 3b. Financial performance of the waste water branch
Table 3b. Financial performance of the waste water branch (This table only need to be included if cost for water and sanitation are available separately)
| Income from waste water (WW) charges to users per year | 1,448,555,000 |
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| Income from WW charges to commercial customers per year | 306,290,000 |
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| Subsidy (government, municipality) per year | - |
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| Other income (specify) per year | - |
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| Total annual income | - |
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| Total annual expenditures | 2,843,684,000 |
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| Collection efficiency (payment received/billed amount/year) | % |
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| Annual cost recovery from users (income from users /expenditures) | % |
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| Average cost of waste water discharge and treatment (per m3) | 156 |
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Table 4. Main cost items for the water and waste water (cost in $ per year) (2019)
Table 4. Main cost items for the water and waste water (cost in $ per year)
| Staff cost for water supply | 2.182679000 |
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| Staff cost for waste water | 1.417665000 |
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| Staff cost-Total cost per year | 3.600344000 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.) for water supply | 14813000 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.) for waste water | 13753000 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.)-Total cost per year | 28.566000 |
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| Energy cost for water supply | 1,329,773,000 |
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| Energy cost for waste water | 341,763,000 |
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| Energy cost (also includes maintenance cost of all transport) - Total cost per year | 1,671,536,000 |
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| Chemicals costs for water supply | 596,562 |
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| Chemicals costs for waste water | - |
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| Chemicals costs-Total cost per year | 596,562 |
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| Materials costs for water supply | 48,538,000 |
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| Materials costs for waste water | 5,821,000 |
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| Materials costs -Total cost per year | 54,359,000 |
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| Contracts for larger repairs for water supply | 186,891,000 |
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| Contracts for larger repairs for waste water | 257,962,000 |
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| Contracts for larger repairs -Total cost per year | 444,853,000 |
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| Others for water supply | 404,032,000 |
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| Others for waste water | 377,623,000 |
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| Others-Total cost per year | 781,655,000 |
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| Total annual cost for water supply | 4,784,349,000 |
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| Total annual cost for waste water | 2,843,648,000 |
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| Total annual cost- Total cost per year | 7,627,997,000 |
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| The cost items include the monetary value of the in-kind contributions the utility receives; The table does not include cost related to system expansion If cost for water and waste water cannot be separated then just fill the last column | - |
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Table 5 Water balance
One key tool to assess the situation in the utility is the water balance (Table 5). Filling out the water balance will give an indication of the performance of the utility in terms of water supply. On average in 2019 a volume of …. m3 is put into supply and on average a volume of …. m3 is being billed to customers. A more detailed estimate of the water balance is presented in Table 5.
This overview only concerns the water loss as defined by IWA, which is about the water that is produced and put into supply. In addition however water may be ‘lost’ in the intake structure and in the transmission main to the water treatment plant, (or water tank with disinfection), the treatment process (backwash) and the transmission to water storage tanks.
| Authorized consumption m3 | 0 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption Billed metered Volume m3 | 21,404,618 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed unmetered Volume m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption Billed Unpaid metered (partly delayed payment)Volume m3 | 127553 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed Unpaid unmetered Volume m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled Volume m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled metered Volume m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled unmetered m3 | - |
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| Water losses m3 | 0 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) m3 | - |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) - Metering inaccuracies volume m3 | 316128 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) - Unauthorized consumption (illegal connections)volume m3 | 6006425 |
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| Water losses Real losses volume m3 | 9483829 |
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| Water losses Real losses Leakages in storage reservoirs, distribution mains and service lines volume m3 | - |
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| Water losses-Real losses -Overflow of water tanks, flushing of pipes volume m3 | - |
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| Total Revenue water-Authorized\consumption | - |
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| Total non revenue water m3 | 15806382 |
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Table 6 Main financial and organizational problems and risks
In this section the main financial and organizational problems are being presented that may jeopardize the performance and the resilience of the utility. Hazardous events in this area may relate to financing, administration and customer relationships (Table 6). The main hazardous events have to be identified and the risks have to be assessed to be able to prioritize action.
Problems may include a high level of non-revenue water. It may be this is already known in more detail (high water physical water loss, many illegal connections, and water meter inaccuracies). It may also be a more general problem of water tariffs that are not covering the cost, a large number of displaced persons with limited resources, or because other financial resources such as support from external organizations may be at risk.
Administrative problems may include: high staff turnover, weak staff regulations, administrative difficulties such as meter reading, inaccurate customer data base, as well as not following up on customer complaints.
| 1 | Cases of fuel shortages and lack of energy. | IS = interruption in supply | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 2 | The main database server is out of service. | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 3 | stop government support to pay employees' salaries | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 4 | Lack to replace the old employees after their retirement | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 5 | Suspension of the important government funding to the LC (development, upgrading, studies, supply of equipment, machinery and construction materials) which would develop the infrastructure of Aden Governorate | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 6 | Low bill collection from consumers leading to low revenue | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 7 | The work in the workshops was disrupted due to the looting of most of the workshop tools. | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 8 | Failure to apply the organizational structure of the institution instead applying the newly prepared emergency plan and the strategic plan for the year 2021-2025 | RP = Reduced Performance of the system and/or the organization | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 9 | Low tariff that does not cover operating and maintenance costs | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
3 Review of risks in the water supply system
This section provides an overview of the system including some key characteristics (Table 7), a map with the system components (Figure 1) and an overview of the main risks that have been identified (Table 8). These risks may relate to different types of hazards including the deterioration of the biological, chemical or physical water quality, problems related to the availability of water, interruption of water distribution. The information presented in this chapter is based on the detailed assessment of each component of the water system presented in Annex 2.
Table 7. Basic information about the water supply system
This section provides an overview of the system including some key characteristics (Table 7), a map with the system components (Figure 1) and an overview of the main risks that have been identified (Table 8). These risks may relate to different types of hazards including the deterioration of the biological, chemical or physical water quality, problems related to the availability of water, interruption of water distribution. The information presented in this chapter is based on the detailed assessment of each component of the water system presented in Annex 2.
| Type of water source(s) | groundwater |
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| Number of boreholes and capacity (l/s) | 120 wells with 92 operating boreholes wells |
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| Depth of boreholes (range) | 150 - 450 |
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| Age (average and range) | 20 |
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| Average water production (m3/day) | 101,950 |
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| Type of water treatment | Mixing high saline with low saline water |
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| Design capacity (m3/day) | - |
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| Transmission lines + pumping mains (km) | 1011 |
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| Distribution system (service connections) (km) | 535 |
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| Water storage tanks (number& total capacity in m3) | 43 tank- total volume 177282 m3 = 5 million gallons * 4.5 liters as the highest storage capacity |
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| Number of operating water pumps | hrs per day 24 |
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| Spare pumps | - |
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| Number of house connections (W &WW) | Water 140000; Sanitation 121000 |
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| Part of house connections with meters (%) | 100% (some meter have deficiencies) |
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| Number of public, social and utility standpoints | - |
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| Operating hours/day and day/week | hrs with an average of 7 hours a day 24 |
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| Main Power source | public network, generators |
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| Number of bulk water meters | - |
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| Non-revenue water (NRW) | 42.47 % |
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| Commercial losses (%) of NRW | 25 % |
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| Leakage (%) of NRW | 17.47 % |
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| Average operating pressure (m) and range | - |
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| Number of pipe bursts (No/km/year) | 0.1 |
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| Specific damages caused by the war | - |
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| Schematic drawing of the system and its main components |  |
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Table 8. Summary of important hazards and risks in the components of the water system
Hazard type: M = microbial, C = chemical, P = physical, IS = interruption in supply. Effect: 1 = minimal effect; 3 = serious impact, 5 = very serious impact Frequency: Rare (1) < 1% of the time, cases, connections, area; Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time, cases, connections, area; Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases, connections, area Risk levels (frequency x effect): low risk < 3; medium risk 3 – 6; high risk 7 – 10; intolerable risk > 10 |
| 1 | decline of production of the old water wells | IS = Interruption in supply | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 2 | The occurrence of electrical short cut leads to a power cut from the field network and the lack of safety and protection for networks. | M = Microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 3 | The main pumps stopped in the wells due to frequent failures and lack of maintenance | M = Microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 4 | The generators are out of service due to the lack of spare parts, their obsolescence, and the lack of maintenance | M = Microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 5 | The corrosion of the main metallic water tanks leading to be out of service | M = Microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 6 | The main stock of spare parts has run out in the organization's warehouses leading to no maintenance work | M = Microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 7 | Pollution in the water network | M = Microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 8 | Network condition deterioration | M = Microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 9 | The main pumping station stopped | M = Microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
Overview of the water supply system
| Figure 1. Overview of the water supply system |  |
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4 Waste water related problems
In this section the proposed actions to improve performance and enhance resilience are presented in some detail. The activities for each main risk are presented in a separate table (29 etc., ……)
Table 9. Basic information about the waste water system
This section provides an overview of the sewer system and waste water treatment plants, including some key characteristics (Table 9) and a map with the system components (Figure 2).
| Name | - |
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| Average annual flow (m3/year) | 6,205,000 |
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| Type of waste water treatment (and age) | 70000 |
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| Annual average design flow (m3/year) | km 535 |
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| Length of sewerage system (km) | - |
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| Design organic load (BOD) | - |
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| Actual inlet organic load (BOD) | - |
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| Efficiency: outflow organic load (BOD) | - |
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| Age of distribution system (average and range) | - |
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| Number of service connections | 121,000 |
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| Number of sewer left stations | 70 |
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| Operating hours/day | 20 |
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| Main power source | public network, generators |
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| Number of waste water overflow points | - |
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| Specific damages caused by the war | Treatment plant and lab were destroyed |
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Table 10. Summary of important hazards and risks related to waste water
Table 10 presents the main hazardous events and risks that have been identified. These risks may relate to different types of events including blockage of sewers causing contamination of housing areas, deterioration of the infrastructure, pumping problems, interruption or malfunctioning of the treatment system generating odour problems or fly nuisance but also low connection ratio in areas where onsite systems are causing problems. If wastewater management and financing is separated from the management of the water supply system, than risks may also include financing and staff problems. The resulting hazards may include contamination of the service area and of downstream water sources which may contribute to the spread of disease including for example cholera. In case a considerable number of risks exist a good option to consider is to present a more detailed analysis in an annex and just summarise the situation in Table 10.
| 1 | A dangerous event (And how could this danger risk) | CS: Contamination service area | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 2 | Sewerage network has deteriorated due to its obsolescence and lack of regular maintenance. | CS: Contamination service area | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 3 | An increase in the amount of discharge into the sewage network and then to pumping stations | CS: Contamination service area | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 4 | A blockage in the sewage network and an overflow of sewage in the streets | CS: Contamination service area | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 5 | Pollution of sea water as a result of wastewater discharge to the sea directly. | OP: Odour problems | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 6 | The emission of gases polluting the environment as a result of the lack of maintenance of sewage pumping stations. | PF: Proliferation of flies | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 7 | Exposure of people to epidemics and pandemic diseases spread through water and sanitation. | OP: Odour problems | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 8 | Cases of poisoning that workers may be exposed to as a result of the gases evolved from sewage treatment ponds and pumps. | CS: Contamination service area | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
| 9 | Land-grabbing of the treatment plant ponds site at more than one location within the governorate. | GC: Groundwater contamination | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | low risk |
The wastewater treatment system components
| Figure 3: Picture of the basin area (watershed) |  |
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5 Overview of the main risks and possible control measures
Table 11. Effect of control measures on important risk
In this section the main risks that were identified in chapter 2, 3, and 4 are listed (Table 11). For some of these the utility may already have put already control measures or other interventions in place that may reduce the risk if effective or not. This needs to be taken into account in the final priority setting related to the different risks that were established in section 2, 3, and 4. To clarify this issue we can look at some examples. A possible hazardous event may be that a borehole gets contaminated because of inflow of water from the surface due to poor protection of the well head. Flooding may happen a few times a year (score 3 likely) and impact is serious (3) so risk is 9. The utility may have arranged for disinfecting wells after flooding, but this may not prevent water draining into the well when it rains. So the control measure does not seem effective. Hence despite the control measure the risk does remain 9. Another hazardous event may be experienced staff leaving the utility. A control measure that may have been put in place is to develop standard operating procedures so new staff knows what to do, but this may not be sufficient to overcome the lack of experience. So in that case the risk still may be high and this then requires a more in-depth analysis of the causes of experienced staff leaving
| 1 | F= Finance | Cases of fuel shortages and lack of energy. | Get support from INGOs to obtain fuel/ use of energy supplied by private companies funded by organizations | - | Good = Important effect on risk | 3<Low risk |
| 2 | F= Finance | Law bill collection from consumers leading to low revenue | Conducting awareness campaigns – cutting-off campaigns on the commercial sector - motivating beneficiaries to discount of 25% when paying off the debt | 0 | No = No effect | 3<Low risk |
| 3 | ADM = Administration and customer relations | Illegal connection by attaching the network | Limited follow-up campaigns | 0 | No = No effect | 3<Low risk |
| 4 | F= Finance | Inability to pay employees' salaries | Get support from the government/There is a notice from the Min of finance to stop this support | - | Good = Important effect on risk | 3<Low risk |
| 5 | ADM = Administration and customer relations | A new org. structure has been prepared but has not been implemented | Org structure to be implemented | - | No = No effect | 3<Low risk |
| 6 | ADM = Administration and customer relations | Low job performance | Get training courses from INGOs | - | No = No effect | 3<Low risk |
6. Action plan for prioritised resilience risks
Table 12. Summary of action plan for prioritised risks related to the finance and administration
This section presents an action plan for the prioritised performance and resilience risks that relate to financing, organization, administration, and customer relations (Table 12). Some lower priority actions may also be included in the table if they are very easy to overcome at low or no cost. For the actions, it is essential to take a gender sensitive approach and take into account gender specific data.
| 1 | F=Finance | - | - | - | - | Low bill collection from consumers leading to low revenue | <3 Low risk |
| 2 | ADM = administration and customer relations | Rehabilitation of workshops with modern tools. Installation of security control systems in the workshops | LWSCA + the organizatiom | 8 months | 600,000 | The work in the workshops was disrupted due to the looting of most of the workshop tools. | <3 Low risk |
| 3 | ADM = administration and customer relations | Preparing SOP and Conducting On-the-job field training and implementation of incentive programs | LWSCA | yearly | 100000 | Failure to apply the organizational structure of the institution instead applying the newly prepared emergency plan and the strategic plan for the year 2021-2025 | <3 Low risk |
| 4 | F=Finance | Conducting a study for tariff / approving it by the Board of Directors | Board of Directors + Ministry of Water | 1 month | 3000 | Low tariff that does not cover operating and maintenance costs | <3 Low risk |
| 5 | ADM = administration and customer relations | Opening new collection offices, implementing an action plan, activating field collection using modern devices and protection programs, and linking them to the institution’s server / training employees | LWSCA + the organization | 8 months | Ask the foundation's experts | Cases of fuel shortages and lack of energy. | <3 Low risk |
| 6 | F=Finance | - | - | - | - | The main database server is out of service. | <3 Low risk |
| 7 | ADM = administration and customer relations | The interaction of the institution’s senior leaders, the involvement of the Ministry and the Chairman of the Board of Directors, and the holding of periodic meetings to activate and implement plans and activate the organizational structure to serve the operations of the institution | Board of Directors + Ministry of Water | 2 months | 10000 | stop government support to pay employees' salaries | <3 Low risk |
| 8 | F=Finance | Providing a reserve stock and constructing reservoirs for fuel storage | LWSCA | 6 months | 300,000 | Lack to replace the old employees after their retirement | <3 Low risk |
| 9 | F=Finance | Searching for financing in order to activate the investment financing and pay the commitments of the LC through coordination with government agencies | LWSCA + | yearly | 3,000,000 | Suspension of the important government funding to the LC (development, upgrading, studies, supply of equipment, machinery and construction materials) which would develop the infrastructure of Aden Governorate | <3 Low risk |
Table 13. Summary of action plan for prioritised water supply performance risks.
| 1 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Supplying materials for urgent maintenance needs | LWSCA Government | 1 year | 3,500,000 | The main stock of spare parts has run out in the organization's warehouses leading to no maintenance work | low risk |
| 2 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Providing portable chlorination units for the network and sterilization materials | LWSCA | 6 months | 750,000 | Pollution in the water network | low risk |
| 3 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Supplying pipes, fittings and materials for network maintenance work | LWSCA Governm ent Support Programs | 1 year | 27647125 | Network condition deterioration | low risk |
| 4 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Supply and installation of a power plant at Al- Barzakh / station | Donors | 4 months | 415,000 | The main pumping station stopped | low risk |
| 5 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Financing to provide rehabilitation equipment and devices - financing to drill replacement wells, search for new water sources | LWSCA Governm ent Support Programs | 3 months | 300000 | decline of production of the old water wells | low risk |
| 6 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Supply of spare parts for Grundfos pumps | Donors | 6 months | 641605 | The occurrence of electrical short cut leads to a power cut from the field network and the lack of safety and protection for networks. | low risk |
| 7 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Electricity Security and Protection Systems Devices, With the updating of the electrical network and new lines | LWSCA Government Support Programs | 2 years | 4082302 | The main pumps stopped in the wells due to frequent failures and lack of maintenance | low risk |
| 8 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Financing to provide spare parts for old generators and purchase new generators | Donors | 6 months | 400,000 | The generators are out of service due to the lack of spare parts, their obsolescence, and the lack of maintenance | low risk |
| 9 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Rehabilitation and reassessment of the main tanks; provide financing support | Government organizations | 2 years | 7200000 | The corrosion of the main metallic water tanks leading to be out of service | low risk |
Table 14. Summary of action plan for prioritised wastewater performance risks
| 1 | SS = Sewer System | Maintenance of pumps and provision of new pumps and spare parts | Lwsca | 10 months | 2,729,000 | The emission of gases polluting the environment as a result of the lack of maintenance of sewage pumping stations. | low risk |
| 2 | SS = Sewer System | - | - | - | - | Exposure of people to epidemics and pandemic diseases spread through water and sanitation. | low risk |
| 3 | SS = Sewer System | Coordination with the governorate and with the relevant authorities to stop this violation | Lwsca +Other destination s | months 3 | 20000 | Cases of poisoning that workers may be exposed to as a result of the gases evolved from sewage treatment ponds and pumps. | low risk |
| 4 | SS = Sewer System | Financing - establishing a network in the areas where the old network collapsed - rehabilitating treatment plants that were destroyed during the war and rehabilitating the sewage laboratory destroyed due to the war | Lwsca +Other destination s | 12 months | 7,891,000 | Land-grabbing of the treatment plant ponds site at more than one location within the governorate. | low risk |
| 5 | SS = Sewer System | - | - | - | - | A dangerous event (And how could this danger risk) | low risk |
| 6 | SS = Sewer System | - | - | - | - | Sewerage network has deteriorated due to its obsolescence and lack of regular maintenance. | low risk |
| 7 | SS = Sewer System | Coordination with the governorate and with the relevant authorities to stop this violation, and to establish a sanctuary and a fence to limit the attack | Lwsca +Other destinations | 3 months | 250,000 | An increase in the amount of discharge into the sewage network and then to pumping stations | low risk |
| 8 | SS = Sewer System | Providing equipment and machinery for maintenance work | Lwsca | months 5 | 5,359,000 | A blockage in the sewage network and an overflow of sewage in the streets | low risk |
| 9 | SS = Sewer System | Maintenance of the sewage network / extension of the network to accommodate the new expansion of the population, provision of a stock of extensions and pipes of various sizes and diameters | Lwsca | 10 months | 12,771,000 | Pollution of sea water as a result of wastewater discharge to the sea directly. | low risk |
7. Proposed monitoring system
The proposed monitoring comprises two main issues: overall monitoring of the monthly performance of the water supply and waste water system and progress with the implementation of the RSIP.
In this section it is also important to indicate when the RSIP will be reviewed and revised as needed (possibly on an annual basis).
Annex 1 RSIP Team and list of advisors that where consulted
The proposed monitoring system needs to cover system performance, effectivity op control measures, and implementation of the RSIP.
In this section it is also important to indicate when the RSIP will be reviewed and revised as needed (possibly on an annual basis).
| 1 | Wahib Ahmed Saeed | LC Aden | Coordinator, report writing and attending the training sessions at WEC | - | - |
| 2 | Khaled Mohamed Salem | LC Aden | Participated in data collection, discussion and attending the training sessions at WEC | - | - |
| 3 | Nagween Fadhl Ataa | LC Aden | Participated in translating the power point, data collection, discussion and attending the training sessions via zoom | - | - |
| 4 | Khaled Moh.Mahyoub | LC Aden | Participated in data collection, discussion and attending the training sessions at WEC | - | - |
| 5 | Ansaf Al-Kazmi | LC Aden | Participated in data collection, discussion and attending the training sessions via zoom | - | - |
| 6 | Prof. Fadhl Al-Nozaily | Water and Env. Centre, SU | Coordination, guidance, follow up, reviewing and translating the plan | 777381627 | drfadhlali@gmail.com |
| 7 | Dr. Jan Tuen | - | Guidance, follow up, reviewing the plan | - | - |
Overview of the boreholes used for the water supply
| Overview of the boreholes used for the water supply |  |
|---|
Table 15. Important risks in the water catchment area
Provide a brief description of the catchment area (Figure 3) (in case of a groundwater scheme of the aquifer and its main recharge area) and an indication of the main hazardous events in the water catchment area (water quality, water availability, landslides, catchment deterioration, expansion of agricultural border) that may affect system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 14). It is important to indicate whether the water utility by itself can do something in the water catchment or that it depends on other actors. This may include for example climate change related problems or over pumping by other actors.
| 1 | Pollution of water basins due to indiscriminate construction, drilling of wells and dumping of waste | M = Microbial | 5 = very serious impact | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 2 | High salts in wells | C = Chemical | 5 = very serious impact | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 3 | Draw down of water level | IS = Interruption in supply | 5 = very serious impact | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 4 | Illegal drilling which affects the groundwater aquifer storage | IS = Interruption in supply | 3 = serious impact | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 5 | Agricultural expansion based on water sources causing depletion of water sources and pollution due to fertilizers and pesticides used in the agriculture | M = Microbial | 3 = serious impact | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
Table 16. Important risks in the water source and water intake
Provide a brief description of the water source(s) and water intake(s) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 15). This may include contamination of the source, deteriorating water quality in the source, lack of power sources, falling water table, damages of the intake due to war, flooding or other causes. If several boreholes exist, it may be an option to combine the description of the boreholes that tap the same aquifer, to minimize the length of the report. Yet it is essential that specific risks and hazardous events that are related to specific boreholes, such as high sensitivity to war damages, conflict points, or technical cracks in cover or casing that affect water quality of the borehole. Also provide a brief description of possible water loss that may take place in the water intake or transmission lines (Table 16). Whereas this is not included in the definition of non-revenue water it is important to understand the situation and explore whether this water loss can be prevented as it may make more water available for the water system or for other users. Water losses due to illegal use from the wells field or in the transmission lines for irrigation purposes consumes massive amount of water compared to domestic illegal uses.
| 1 | Illegal connection from collection pipes emerging from wells | M = microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 Low risk |
| 2 | Illegal use of water pumped from the wells into the network for irrigation and agriculture | IS = Interruption in supply | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 Low risk |
| 3 | Constant power cut affecting supplies | IS = Interruption in supply | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 Low risk |
| 4 | The suspension of the wells control system including well’s water level fluctuation and water quality | C,M,P=Chemical, Microbial, Physical | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 Low risk |
| 5 | The inability to complete the construction of the fence to protect water resources from attacks and pollution | M = microbial | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 Low risk |
Overview of the Technical Design of Lc Boreholes
| Figure 4. Overview of the Technical Design of Lc Boreholes |  |
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Table 17. Water loss in the water intake
Provide a brief description of the transmission main (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, water meter(s) and valves) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 17). This may include: leaking pipes, old pipes, landslides, poor reparations, illegal connections, etc. In case of pumping issues may be lack of fuel, poor electricity supply, inadequate maintenance etc. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place (Table 18).
Picture of a diagram of the transmission lines
| Overview of the Technical Design of Sana’a Lc Boreholes |  |
|---|
Table 18 Important risks in the transmission main
Provide a brief description of the transmission main (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, water meter(s) and valves) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 17). This may include: leaking pipes, old pipes, landslides, poor reparations, illegal connections, etc. In case of pumping issues may be lack of fuel, poor electricity supply, inadequate maintenance etc. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place (Table 18).
| 1 | Breaking in the main lines | IS = Interruption in supply | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 low risk |
| 2 | Random delivery from man transmission line | IS = Interruption in supply | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 low risk |
| 3 | The stock of main lines pipes is running out | IS = Interruption in supply | 1 = minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 low risk |
Table 19. Water loss in the transmission main
Table 19. Water loss in the transmission main
A picture or diagram of the treatment system and chlorination plants
| Figure 6. A picture or diagram of the treatment system and chlorination plants | |
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Table 20. Important risks related to the water treatment system
Hazard type: M = microbial, C = chemical, P = physical, IS = interruption in supply
Effect: 1 = minimal effect; 3 = serious impact, 5 = very serious impact
Frequency: Rare (1) < 1% of the time, cases, connections; Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time, cases, connections; Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases, connections
| 1 | - | M = Microbial | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | < 3 Low risk |
Table 21. Water loss in the treatment system
Table 21. Water loss in the treatment system
Pictures of typical meter situation and storage tanks
| Figure 7: Pictures of typical meter situation and storage tanks |  |
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Table 22. Important risks in the storage reservoir(s)
Provide a brief description of the storage reservoir(s) (Figure 7) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 21). This may include: leakages, damage because of the war, contamination, lack of maintenance. In case water chlorination is included in the storage reservoir than this also needs to be described (and this may entail problems with the supply of chlorine. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place including water that may be lost through the overflow or water used for cleaning (Table 22).
| 1 | Possible contamination due to lack of tight closing of the tank and the emergence of bacteria | M = microbial | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 2 | Large ground tanks whose owners take more than their share and affect other beneficiaries in the distribution area | IS = interruption in supply | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 3 | Flooding of the water tanks leading to water losses due to the use of house pumps with the absence floating valve | IS = interruption in supply | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
Table 23. Water loss in water storage reservoir
Table 23. Water loss in water storage reservoir
Water Distribution Network Diagram
| Figure 8: Diagram of water distribution networks | |
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Table 24. Important risks in the distribution system(s
Provide a brief description of the distribution system(s) (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, overflow, water meter(s) and valves) and a schematic drawing of the system (Figure 8). Indicate the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 23). This may include: intermittent water supply (rationing), high leakage, illegal connections, inadequate repairs, damage due to the war. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place and the water pressure distribution (Table 24).
| 1 | Leakage due to poor maintenance and lack of maintenance spare parts | P = physical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 2 | Increased illegal connection with weak monitoring | P = physical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 3 | Low pressure in the water network | P = physical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
Table 25. Water loss in water distribution system
A picture of the condition of the meter and the household tank
| Figure 9: Picture of the case of the meter and the household tank |  |
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Table 26. Important risks in Household water storage
Provide a brief description of household water situation (type of water meter, household water storage (size, type of material) (Figure 9) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 25). Explore whether risks are gender specific. Give an indication of the water loss that may take place (flowing toilets, plumbing problems, leaking taps, including water that may be lost through the overflow of storage tanks (Table 26).
| 1 | Possible contamination due to lack of tight closing of the tank and the emergence of bacteria | M = Microbial | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 2 | arge ground tanks whose owners take more than their share and affect other beneficiaries in the distribution area | M = Microbial | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 3 | Flooding of the water tanks leading to water losses due to the use of house pumps with the absence floating valve | M = Microbial | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
Table 27. Water loss at household level
Pictures of alternative water sources
| Figure 10: Pictures of alternative water sources |  |
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Table 28. Important risks in alternative water systems
Provide a brief description of alternative water systems (Figure 10), the level of use by consumers and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect these systems, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 27). This may include for example local water distribution points that provide water to the community which they receive from tankers (paid by humanitarian organizations), local wells and rainwater systems. In the Yemeni context alternative water sources may be an important source for drinking water and may for example entail a risk of spreading cholera, but also may affect water sales of the utility, affecting its financial sustainability and resilience.
| 1 | Unmonitored and not authorized by the legal authorities | C,M=microbial,chemical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 2 | The water sold is suspectable to contamination due to no disinfection. | C,M=microbial,chemical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 3 | Groundwater is depleted | IS = interruption in supply | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 4 | The very high price of alternative water compared to the price of the LC | IS = interruption in supply | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
Table 29. Less important risks that were identified
Table 29: Less important risks that were identified
| 1 | Decline in affiliation and job loyalty to the institution by employees | P = physical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 2 | Beneficiaries do not feel the importance of continuity of the LC as a service provider and the preservation of the property and assets of the LC | P = physical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 3 | No qualified team available at LC, trained to manage emergencies and deal with risks | P = physical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 4 | Complaints by employees due to lack of intensive and low salaries | P = physical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
| 5 | Lack of health insurance for employees | P = physical | 1 = Minimal effect | 1=Rare (1) < 1% of the time | <3 Low risk |
Table 30. Intervention to reduce risk of water tariff not covering cost
Intervention to reduce risk of water tariff not covering cost
Table 31. Intervention to Very high NRW (technical and financial losses)
Intervention to Very high NRW (technical and financial losses)
Table 32. Intervention to reduce risk of high fuel prices and frequent fuel crises (Fuel Instability)
Intervention to reduce risk of high fuel prices and frequent fuel crises (Fuel Instability)
table 33.Intervention to reduce risk of households water storage tanks
In this section, the proposed actions to improve the system and enhance its resilience are presented in some detail. In this version of the report the activities related to only one of the main risks are presented in table (A2.10.1); in the final version also the other priority actions will be included.
table 34: Intervention to reduce risk of sewers blockage
In this section, the proposed actions to improve the system and enhance its resilience are presented in some detail. In this version of the report the activities related to only one of the main risks are presented in table (34); in the final version also the other priority actions will be included.
