Water and Sanitation Local Cooperation's RSIP
Annotated content page RSIP(Note for the reader; this annotated content page has been developed to facilitate the development of the Resilience and Service Improvement Plan (RSIP) report
1 Summary of the plan
This section provides a brief summary of the main problems and actions that were identified to enhance the performance of the utility and improve its resilience. The summary presents the main problems and solutions that have been identified related to the financial, administrative and technical performance, whilst also looking at possible environmental and man-made threats (Table 1).This section visualizes a brief summery for the main problems and procedures that were identified to enhance the performance of the utilities and improve its resilience plan. The summery also demonstrates main problems and the optimal solutions that have been identified regarding Financial, administrative and technical performance. It also highlights the possible environmental and humanitarian threats.
Table 1 Summary of main problems, proposed actions and time frame
The main problems and proposed actions are briefly presented below under three* main subheadings:
Financial, administrative and consumer related risks
Risk and intervention 1: …….. (just the name or a brief explanation of the problem; followed by the proposed intervention in a little more detail than indicated in the table)
Risk and intervention 2: …..
Risk and intervention 3: ……
Technical risks
Risk and intervention 1: …….
Risk and intervention 2: ……..
Risk and intervention 3: …….
This summery will very much help sharing the planned activities with different actors.
| 1 | Power outages, high prices for fuel and oil derivatives, and an increase in operating expenses | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Shortage of UNICEF support to fund diesel provision, as well as possible discontinuation of subsidies | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | High rate of administrative loss | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | Low level of performance of employees due to the inability of the institution to implement training and rehabilitation programs | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 5 | The investment program that was provided by the Ministry of Finance to the Corporation to implement projects stopped - which led to a shortage in the Corporation's financial budget | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 6 | The inability of the institution to provide mechanisms, equipment, parts and maintenance supplies | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 7 | The government sector has stopped paying monthly consumption bills, which represent 15% of sales | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 8 | Urban expansion within the water basin area, which caused a reduction in the feeding areas of the water basin, i.e. a decrease in the recharging rate of the aquifer | intolerable risk |
| 9 | Pollution of the aquifer water due to the discharge of sewage from areas )not connected by the sewage network( to the watershed area - basins (Maitm and Al-Sa'ool) | intolerable risk |
| 10 | Low groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | intolerable risk |
| 11 | The problem of power supply in all wells, power outage from the public network - and high fuel prices and scarcity | intolerable risk |
| 12 | Continuous failure of pumps and generators and their low efficiency | intolerable risk |
| 13 | The occurrence of 5 wells - (Al-Raee house - Basins - Al-Maqsarah - Al-Samad - Al-Aqaer) - on the course of the torrential rains without protection exposes them to frequent breakdowns and damage to their components and the stopping of water pumping | high risk |
| 14 | The loss of water and the entry of pollutants as a result of the breaks in some pumping lines, whose paths pass in the course of the torrential rains | high risk |
| 15 | High pressures and the possibility of water leakage and loss, and the entry of pollutants into some pumping lines as a result of direct pumping into the network | high risk |
| 16 | Frequent downtime and suspension of sterilization and chlorination units due to the lack of periodic maintenance and the unavailability of maintenance spare parts | intolerable risk |
| 17 | Low chlorination work due to the lack of qualified staff and the lack of tools and occupational safety procedures for workers in the chlorination units | intolerable risk |
| 18 | The amount of chlorine in the stores of the institution has run out and its import is prohibited due to the war and the siege | high risk |
| 19 | The presence of only one collection tank with a volumetric capacity that is not commensurate with the amount of water received from the source, and therefore direct pumping is carried out to subscribers with a lower service level | high risk |
| 20 | Lack of periodic maintenance of the tank and cracks in the walls of the tank - the possibility of disabling the tank of storing water | medium risk |
| 21 | Loss of water and the possibility of landslides as a result of the repeated flooding of the tank due to the failure of the alarming system | high risk |
| 22 | Water loss and stopping of water supply from subscribers due to leaks from some parts of the dilapidated network (galvanized iron pipes, especially buried ones) as a result of its long life | intolerable risk |
| 23 | The lack of adequate water access to subscribers, especially in high areas as a result of the random expansion of the network without any hydraulic design criteria, which makes subscribers rely on other sources to meet their needs such as (truck water- purchasing from the private sector. | intolerable risk |
| 24 | The high percentage of water losses due to the breakdown of home meters and the aging of their lifespan | high risk |
| 25 | The possibility of pollutants entering the tanks due to the lid was not tight well and retaining of contamination because it was not cleaned periodically and adequately | intolerable risk |
| 26 | Household tanks may be filled from other water sources such as truck water(water vender) and the private sector with water of poor quality | intolerable risk |
| 27 | Customers may have difficulties to complement water from the system with water from private sector due to high cost | intolerable risk |
| 28 | Increasing the amount of sewage water entering the plant by 500% over the design capacity | intolerable risk |
| 29 | Electricity cuts and insufficient fuel to operate the treatment plant | intolerable risk |
| 30 | The components of the treatment plant units are worn out and the inability to rehabilitate them and perform periodic maintenance | intolerable risk |
| 31 | Implementation of random sewage networks with poor specifications on the outskirts of the city by citizens | intolerable risk |
| 32 | Quantities of maintenance materials for the sewage network and treatment plant run out from the institution's warehouses, which causes the periodic maintenance to stop | high risk |
| 33 | Frequent sewer blockages | high risk |
| 34 | Some parts of the sewage network components (main and branch lines - manholes - manhole covers) are worn o | high risk |
| 35 | Farmers use sewage water before treating it to irrigate their farms, which causes the spread of diseases and pollutants | high risk |
| 36 | The high concentration of recycled sludge besides difficulty of deposing the sludge which make it accumulated inside treatment system | intolerable risk |
2 Introduction
The resilience and service improvement plan (RSIP) for the water utility ……….. was developed in ….., by a small team of .. persons (Annex 1). It presents an overview of the water supply and sewerage system, its main components, and the main problems related to the performance of the organization and the risks that have been identified related to the water quality, quantity and continuity of the water supply waste water services. It outlines the envisaged actions that have been prioritised to be implemented to enhance performance and improve resilience to respond to natural and manmade disasters. It includes a time frame, an indication of responsible actors, and provides a brief description of the monitoring and review process that is envisaged. The plan also looks at the risks related to the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 virus.
Revise text: Whereas there is no indication of transmission of this virus through water supply, the pandemic may cause serious disruptions in system operations This may include shortage of staff, power disruptions, and shortages of chemicals and other supplies, caused for example by Government directives. Protecting the health and safety of employees needs to be emphasized in the risk mitigation plan to ensure that essential functions can be maintained..
The RSIP was approved by …. on …. (date), and will be reviewed on …. (date)
Table 2. Basic information about the utility and its customers
This section provides basic information of the water utility and its customers (Table 2)
| Name of the utility | Ibb-Water and Sanitation Local Corporation |
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| City/Governorate | Ibb Governorate |
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| City Population | 812,000 approximate |
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| Number of customers (water supply / wastewater) | Water & San 413,805 |
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| Water supply/ Waste water coverage | Water 61 % & San. 51 % |
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| How many internally displaced persons (IDP) are served by the system (and % of IDP in area) | 400000 |
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| Per capita water demand (l/c/d) | L/day 40 |
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| Average water demand (m3/day)Untitled | m3/ day 19,768 |
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| Average water production (m3/day) | m3 / day 14,756 |
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| Average water volume billed (m3/day) | m3 /day .11,456 |
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| Per capita consumption (l/c/d), (billed) | L / day 23 |
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| Operating hours/day and day/week | Day 23 hours, Week:7 days |
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| Main Power source | diesel electric generators |
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| Number of staff | 307 |
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| Non-revenue water (NRW) (%) | 22.4% |
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| Average volume of waste water produced (m3/day) | 23,000 |
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| Average volume of waste water treated (m3/day) | m3 / day 4000 |
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Table 3a. Financial performance of the water branch of the utility
Financial performance of the water branch of the utility
| Rate revenues(metered) per year | 2,456,003 |
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| Income from flat rates (not metered) per year | 74,749 |
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| Income from commercial customers per year | 674,737 |
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| Income from public taps, if any per year | - |
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| Subsidy (government, municipality) per year | 650,000 |
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| Other income (specify) per year | - |
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| Total annual income | 4,414,095 |
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| Total annual expenditures | 4,095,011 |
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| Collection efficiency (payment received/billed amount/year) | 85% |
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| Annual cost recovery from users (income from users /expenditures) | 78% |
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| Average cost of water production and distribution (per m3) | 0.762 |
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Table 3b. Financial performance of the waste water branch
Table 3b. Financial performance of the waste water branch (This table only need to be included if cost for water and sanitation are available separately)
| Income from waste water (WW) charges to users per year | - |
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| Income from WW charges to commercial customers per year | - |
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| Subsidy (government, municipality) per year | - |
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| Other income (specify) per year | - |
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| Total annual income | - |
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| Total annual expenditures | - |
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| Collection efficiency (payment received/billed amount/year) | - |
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| Annual cost recovery from users (income from users /expenditures) | - |
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| Average cost of waste water discharge and treatment (per m3) | - |
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Table 4. Main cost items for the water and waste water (cost in $ per year) (2019)
Table 4. Main cost items for the water and waste water (cost in $ per year)
| Staff cost for water supply | 0 |
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| Staff cost for waste water | |
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| Staff cost-Total cost per year | 978.795 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.) for water supply | 0 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.) for waste water | |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.)-Total cost per year | 0 |
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| Energy cost for water supply | - |
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| Energy cost for waste water | - |
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| Energy cost (also includes maintenance cost of all transport) - Total cost per year | 1,505,662 |
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| Chemicals costs for water supply | - |
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| Chemicals costs for waste water | - |
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| Chemicals costs-Total cost per year | 26,159 |
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| Materials costs for water supply | - |
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| Materials costs for waste water | - |
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| Materials costs -Total cost per year | 109,793 |
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| Contracts for larger repairs for water supply | - |
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| Contracts for larger repairs for waste water | - |
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| Contracts for larger repairs -Total cost per year | 171,086 |
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| Others for water supply | - |
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| Others for waste water | - |
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| Others-Total cost per year | 1,303,517 |
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| Total annual cost for water supply | - |
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| Total annual cost for waste water | - |
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| Total annual cost- Total cost per year | - |
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| The cost items include the monetary value of the in-kind contributions the utility receives; The table does not include cost related to system expansion If cost for water and waste water cannot be separated then just fill the last column | 4,095,011 |
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Table 5 Water balance
One key tool to assess the situation in the utility is the water balance (Table 5). Filling out the water balance will give an indication of the performance of the utility in terms of water supply. On average in 2019 a volume of …. m3 is put into supply and on average a volume of …. m3 is being billed to customers. A more detailed estimate of the water balance is presented in Table 5.
This overview only concerns the water loss as defined by IWA, which is about the water that is produced and put into supply. In addition however water may be ‘lost’ in the intake structure and in the transmission main to the water treatment plant, (or water tank with disinfection), the treatment process (backwash) and the transmission to water storage tanks.
| Authorized consumption m3 | 691,289 m3 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed m3 | 4,181,518 m3 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed metered Volume m3 | 3,428,844 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed unmetered Volume m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption Billed Unpaid metered (partly delayed payment)Volume m3 | 752,674 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed Unpaid unmetered Volume m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled Volume m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled metered Volume m3 | - |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled unmetered m3 | - |
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| Water losses m3 | 802,688 m3 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) m3 | 904,266 m3 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) - Metering inaccuracies volume m3 | - |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) - Unauthorized consumption (illegal connections)volume m3 | 904,266 |
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| Water losses Real losses volume m3 | m3 300,000 |
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| Water losses Real losses Leakages in storage reservoirs, distribution mains and service lines volume m3 | 300,000 |
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| Water losses-Real losses -Overflow of water tanks, flushing of pipes volume m3 | 0 |
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| Total Revenue water-Authorized\consumption | 3,428,844 m3 |
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| Total non revenue water m3 | 1,956,940 |
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Table 6 Main financial and organizational problems and risks
In this section the main financial and organizational problems are being presented that may jeopardize the performance and the resilience of the utility. Hazardous events in this area may relate to financing, administration and customer relationships (Table 6). The main hazardous events have to be identified and the risks have to be assessed to be able to prioritize action.
Problems may include a high level of non-revenue water. It may be this is already known in more detail (high water physical water loss, many illegal connections, and water meter inaccuracies). It may also be a more general problem of water tariffs that are not covering the cost, a large number of displaced persons with limited resources, or because other financial resources such as support from external organizations may be at risk.
Administrative problems may include: high staff turnover, weak staff regulations, administrative difficulties such as meter reading, inaccurate customer data base, as well as not following up on customer complaints.
| 1 | Power outages, high prices for fuel and oil derivatives, and an increase in operating expenses | IS,LF= interruption in supply,lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Shortage of UNICEF support to fund diesel provision, as well as possible discontinuation of subsidies | IS,LF= interruption in supply,lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | High rate of administrative loss | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | Low level of performance of employees due to the inability of the institution to implement training and rehabilitation programs | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 5 | The investment program that was provided by the Ministry of Finance to the Corporation to implement projects stopped - which led to a shortage in the Corporation's financial budget | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 6 | The inability of the institution to provide mechanisms, equipment, parts and maintenance supplies | IS,LF= interruption in supply,lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 7 | The government sector has stopped paying monthly consumption bills, which represent 15% of sales | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
3 Review of risks in the water supply system
This section provides an overview of the system including some key characteristics (Table 7), a map with the system components (Figure 1) and an overview of the main risks that have been identified (Table 8). These risks may relate to different types of hazards including the deterioration of the biological, chemical or physical water quality, problems related to the availability of water, interruption of water distribution. The information presented in this chapter is based on the detailed assessment of each component of the water system presented in Annex 2.
Table 7. Basic information about the water supply system
This section provides an overview of the system including some key characteristics (Table 7), a map with the system components (Figure 1) and an overview of the main risks that have been identified (Table 8). These risks may relate to different types of hazards including the deterioration of the biological, chemical or physical water quality, problems related to the availability of water, interruption of water distribution. The information presented in this chapter is based on the detailed assessment of each component of the water system presented in Annex 2.
| Type of water source(s) | Artesian well- Groundwater |
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| Number of boreholes and capacity (l/s) | 43 wells - operating 28 wells with an average (8 L/s) |
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| Depth of boreholes (range) | Average 150-560 m |
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| Age (average and range) | 15-35 years |
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| Average water production (m3/day) | 14,756 |
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| Type of water treatment | Chlorination dosing units |
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| Design capacity (m3/day) | 10,800 |
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| Transmission lines + pumping mains (km) | km 73.3 |
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| Distribution system (service connections) (km) | km 259.5 |
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| Water storage tanks (number& total capacity in m3) | m3 4000 |
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| Number of operating water pumps | (h/day) - (7day\week23) |
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| Spare pumps | Non |
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| Number of house connections (W &WW) | sewage 35,223 water - 30,329 |
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| Part of house connections with meters (%) | 100% |
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| Number of public, social and utility standpoints | 6 |
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| Operating hours/day and day/week | (16h/day)-(2day/week) - (8day\month) |
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| Main Power source | Generators |
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| Number of bulk water meters | 45 |
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| Non-revenue water (NRW) | 22.4% |
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| Commercial losses (%) of NRW | - |
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| Leakage (%) of NRW | - |
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| Average operating pressure (m) and range | m 120 |
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| Number of pipe bursts (No/km/year) | km/year/ 3 |
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| Specific damages caused by the war | Disruption of chlorination treatment devices system, the parts needed to repair the system arenot available, there is no energy source and run out of the treatment materials |
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| Schematic drawing of the system and its main components |  |
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Table 8. Summary of important hazards and risks in the components of the water system
Hazard type: M = microbial, C = chemical, P = physical, IS = interruption in supply. Effect: 1 = minimal effect; 3 = serious impact, 5 = very serious impact Frequency: Rare (1) < 1% of the time, cases, connections, area; Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time, cases, connections, area; Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases, connections, area Risk levels (frequency x effect): low risk < 3; medium risk 3 – 6; high risk 7 – 10; intolerable risk > 10 |
| 1 | Urban expansion within the water basin area, which caused a reduction in the feeding areas of the water basin, i.e. a decrease in the recharging rate of the aquifer | P = Physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 2 | Pollution of the aquifer water due to the discharge of sewage from areas )not connected by the sewage network( to the watershed area - basins (Maitm and Al-Sa'ool) | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 3 | Low groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | P = Physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 4 | The problem of power supply in all wells, power outage from the public network - and high fuel prices and scarcity | P,IS =Physical, Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 5 | Continuous failure of pumps and generators and their low efficiency | P,IS =Physical, Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 6 | The occurrence of 5 wells - (Al-Raee house - Basins - Al-Maqsarah - Al-Samad - Al-Aqaer) - on the course of the torrential rains without protection exposes them to frequent breakdowns and damage to their components and the stopping of water pumping | IS ,P, M=Interruption in supply,Physical,Microbial | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 7 | The loss of water and the entry of pollutants as a result of the breaks in some pumping lines, whose paths pass in the course of the torrential rains | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | high risk |
| 8 | High pressures and the possibility of water leakage and loss, and the entry of pollutants into some pumping lines as a result of direct pumping into the network | P = Physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 9 | Frequent downtime and suspension of sterilization and chlorination units due to the lack of periodic maintenance and the unavailability of maintenance spare parts | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 10 | Low chlorination work due to the lack of qualified staff and the lack of tools and occupational safety procedures for workers in the chlorination units | C = Chemical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 11 | The amount of chlorine in the stores of the institution has run out and its import is prohibited due to the war and the siege | IS = Interruption in supply | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 12 | The presence of only one collection tank with a volumetric capacity that is not commensurate with the amount of water received from the source, and therefore direct pumping is carried out to subscribers with a lower service level | IS ,P=Interruption in supply,Physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 13 | Lack of periodic maintenance of the tank and cracks in the walls of the tank - the possibility of disabling the tank of storing water | M,P= Microbial ,Physical | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | medium risk |
| 14 | Loss of water and the possibility of landslides as a result of the repeated flooding of the tank due to the failure of the alarming system | P = Physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 15 | Water loss and stopping of water supply from subscribers due to leaks from some parts of the dilapidated network (galvanized iron pipes, especially buried ones) as a result of its long life | IS ,P, M=Interruption in supply,Physical,Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 16 | The lack of adequate water access to subscribers, especially in high areas as a result of the random expansion of the network without any hydraulic design criteria, which makes subscribers rely on other sources to meet their needs such as (truck water- purchasing from the private sector. | P = Physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 17 | The high percentage of water losses due to the breakdown of home meters and the aging of their lifespan | M,P= Microbial ,Physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 18 | The possibility of pollutants entering the tanks due to the lid was not tight well and retaining of contamination because it was not cleaned periodically and adequately | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 19 | Household tanks may be filled from other water sources such as truck water(water vender) and the private sector with water of poor quality | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 20 | Customers may have difficulties to complement water from the system with water from private sector due to high cost | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
Overview of the water supply system
| Figure 1. Overview of the water supply system |  |
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4 Waste water related problems
In this section the proposed actions to improve performance and enhance resilience are presented in some detail. The activities for each main risk are presented in a separate table (29 etc., ……)
Table 9. Basic information about the waste water system
This section provides an overview of the sewer system and waste water treatment plants, including some key characteristics (Table 9) and a map with the system components (Figure 2).
| Name | - |
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| Average annual flow (m3/year) | 8,395,000 m3\ years |
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| Type of waste water treatment (and age) | Activated Sludge - Electromechanical 31 years |
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| Annual average design flow (m3/year) | m3\ years 1,800,000 |
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| Length of sewerage system (km) | km 223.3 |
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| Design organic load (BOD) | 600mg\l |
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| Actual inlet organic load (BOD) | 1881mg\l |
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| Efficiency: outflow organic load (BOD) | 703mg\l |
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| Age of distribution system (average and range) | years 30 |
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| Number of service connections | 30,329 |
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| Number of sewer left stations | 2 |
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| Operating hours/day | - |
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| Main power source | Generators |
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| Number of waste water overflow points | 149 / month |
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| Specific damages caused by the war | 0 |
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Table 10. Summary of important hazards and risks related to waste water
Table 10 presents the main hazardous events and risks that have been identified. These risks may relate to different types of events including blockage of sewers causing contamination of housing areas, deterioration of the infrastructure, pumping problems, interruption or malfunctioning of the treatment system generating odour problems or fly nuisance but also low connection ratio in areas where onsite systems are causing problems. If wastewater management and financing is separated from the management of the water supply system, than risks may also include financing and staff problems. The resulting hazards may include contamination of the service area and of downstream water sources which may contribute to the spread of disease including for example cholera. In case a considerable number of risks exist a good option to consider is to present a more detailed analysis in an annex and just summarise the situation in Table 10.
| 1 | Increasing the amount of sewage water entering the plant by 500% over the design capacity | CS,GS,OP=Contamination service area,Groundwater contamination,Odour problems | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 2 | Electricity cuts and insufficient fuel to operate the treatment plant | CS,GS,OP=Contamination service area,Groundwater contamination,Odour problems | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 3 | The components of the treatment plant units are worn out and the inability to rehabilitate them and perform periodic maintenance | CS,CD,RDW,GC=Contamination service area,Groundwater contamination,Risk of polluting drinking water | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 4 | Implementation of random sewage networks with poor specifications on the outskirts of the city by citizens | CS, CD,RDW=Contamination service area, Contamination downstream,Risk of polluting drinking water | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 5 | Quantities of maintenance materials for the sewage network and treatment plant run out from the institution's warehouses, which causes the periodic maintenance to stop | CS,GS,OP=Contamination service area,Groundwater contamination,Odour problems | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 6 | Frequent sewer blockages | CS,GS,OP=Contamination service area,Groundwater contamination,Odour problems | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 7 | Some parts of the sewage network components (main and branch lines - manholes - manhole covers) are worn o | CS, CD,RDW=Contamination service area, Contamination downstream,Risk of polluting drinking water | 5= very serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | high risk |
| 8 | Farmers use sewage water before treating it to irrigate their farms, which causes the spread of diseases and pollutants | GS, PF, OP=Groundwater contamination، Proliferation of flies،Odour problems | 5= very serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | high risk |
| 9 | The high concentration of recycled sludge besides difficulty of deposing the sludge which make it accumulated inside treatment system | CS,GS,OP=Contamination service area,Groundwater contamination,Odour problems | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
The wastewater treatment system components
| Figure 3: Picture of the basin area (watershed) |  |
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5 Overview of the main risks and possible control measures
Table 11. Effect of control measures on important risk
In this section the main risks that were identified in chapter 2, 3, and 4 are listed (Table 11). For some of these the utility may already have put already control measures or other interventions in place that may reduce the risk if effective or not. This needs to be taken into account in the final priority setting related to the different risks that were established in section 2, 3, and 4. To clarify this issue we can look at some examples. A possible hazardous event may be that a borehole gets contaminated because of inflow of water from the surface due to poor protection of the well head. Flooding may happen a few times a year (score 3 likely) and impact is serious (3) so risk is 9. The utility may have arranged for disinfecting wells after flooding, but this may not prevent water draining into the well when it rains. So the control measure does not seem effective. Hence despite the control measure the risk does remain 9. Another hazardous event may be experienced staff leaving the utility. A control measure that may have been put in place is to develop standard operating procedures so new staff knows what to do, but this may not be sufficient to overcome the lack of experience. So in that case the risk still may be high and this then requires a more in-depth analysis of the causes of experienced staff leaving
| 1 | F= Finance | Power outages, high prices for fuel and oil derivatives, and an increase in operating expenses | Stores a quantity of fuel and to use it for a temporary period | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 2 | F= Finance | Shortage of UNICEF support to fund diesel provision, as well as possible discontinuation of subsidies | Dialogue with the organization to increase support for diesel, but uncertainly to continue | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 3 | F= Finance | High rate of administrative loss | Limited maintenance for worn out lines | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 4 | ADM = Administration and customer relations | Staff performance has important limitations and staff motivation is limited because of payment problems | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 5 | F= Finance | Financial resources for rehabilitation and system expansion projects are not available due to the cessation of government support for the investment program projects | Donor request for support ,but it is limited | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 6 | F= Finance | Lack of equipment, machinery and maintenance supplies | Provide a few supplies | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 7 | F= Finance | The government sector has stopped paying monthly consumption bills, which represent 15% of sales | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 8 | SI = Source/Intake | Urban expansion within the water basin area, which caused a reduction in the feeding areas of the water basin, i.e. a decrease in the recharging rate of the aquifer. | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 9 | SI = Source/Intake | Pollution of the aquifer water due to the discharge of sewage from areas )not connected by the sewage network( to the watershed area - basins (Maitm and Al-Sa'ool) | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 10 | WC = Water Catchment | Low groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | There are no procedures to implement | - | Good = Important effect on risk | 3<Low risk |
| 11 | SI = Source/Intake | The problem of power supply in all wells, power outage from the public network - and high fuel prices and scarcity | Storing fuel but not enough to solve the problem | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 12 | SI = Source/Intake | Continuous failure of pumps and generators and their low efficiency | Limited maintenance for some pumps, but the problem still persists due to the continuous decrease in the groundwater level. | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 13 | SI = Source/Intake | The occurrence of 5 wells - (Al-Raee house - Basins - Al-Maqsarah - Al-Samad - Al-Aqaer) - on the course of the torrential rains without protection exposes them to frequent breakdowns and damage to their components and the stopping of water pumping | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 14 | TM = Transmission Main | The loss of water and the entry of pollutants as a result of the breaks in some pumping lines, whose paths pass in the course of the torrential 16rains | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 15 | SI = Source/Intake | High pressures and the possibility of water leak20age and loss, and the entry of pollutants21 into some pumping lines as a result of direct pumping into the network | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 16 | TR = Treatment | Frequent downtime and suspension of sterilization and chlorination units due to the lack of periodic maintenance and the unavailability of maintenance spare parts | Limited maintenance, but the problem still persists | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 17 | TR = Treatment | Low chlorination work due to the lack of qualified staff and the lack of tools and occupational safety procedures for workers in the chlorination units. | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 18 | TR = Treatment | The amount of chlorine in the stores of the institution has run out and its import is prohibited due to the war and the siege | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 19 | F= Finance | The presence of only one collection tank with a volumetric capacity that is not commensurate with the amount of water received from the source, and therefore direct pumping is carried out to subscribers with a lower service level | Construction of a new tank, but the implementation has not been completed | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 20 | F= Finance | Lack of periodic maintenance of the tank and cracks in the walls of the tank - the possibility of disabling the tank of storing water | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 21 | F= Finance | Loss of water and the possibility of landslides as a result of the repeated flooding of the tank due to the failure of the alarming system | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 22 | DB = Distribution System | Water loss and stopping of water supply from subscribers due to leaks from some parts of the dilapidated network (galvanized iron pipes, especially buried ones) as a result of its long life | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 23 | DB = Distribution System | The lack of adequate water access to subscribers, especially in high areas as a result of the random expansion of the network without any hydraulic design criteria, which makes subscribers rely on other sources to meet their needs such as (truck water- purchasing from the private sector) | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 24 | DB = Distribution System | The high percentage of water losses due to the breakdown of home meters and the aging of their lifespan | Replacing the faulty meters but did not solve the problem | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 25 | HS = Household Storage | The possibility of pollutants entering the tanks due to the lid was not tight well and retaining of contamination because it was not cleaned periodically and adequately | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 26 | HS = Household Storage | Household tanks may be filled from other water sources such as truck water(water vender) and the private sector with water of poor quality | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 27 | SI = Source/Intake | Customers may have difficulties to complement water from the system with water from private sector due to high cost | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 28 | TM = Transmission Main | Increasing the amount of sewage water entering the plant by 500% over the design capacity | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 29 | TM = Transmission Main | Electricity cuts and insufficient fuel to operate the treatment plant | Addressing donors to continue providing support, but there is no definite agreement to continue providing support | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 30 | TM = Transmission Main | The components of the treatment plant units are worn out and the inability to rehabilitate them and perform periodic maintenance | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 31 | SI = Source/Intake | Implementation of random sewage networks with poor specifications on the outskirts of the city by citizens | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 32 | TM = Transmission Main | Quantities of maintenance materials for the sewage network and treatment plant run out from the institution's warehouses, which causes the periodic maintenance to stop | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 33 | TM = Transmission Main | Frequent sewer blockages. | Filter/comb out the lines, but the problem still persists | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 34 | SI = Source/Intake | Some parts of the sewage network components (main and branch lines - manholes - manhole covers) are worn out. | Performing emergency maintenance | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 35 | TM = Transmission Main | Farmers use sewage water before treating it to irrigate their farms, which causes the spread of diseases and pollutants | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 36 | TM = Transmission Main | The high concentration of recycled sludge besides difficulty of deposing the sludge which make it accumulated inside treatment system | There are no procedures to implement | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
6. Action plan for prioritised resilience risks
Table 12. Summary of action plan for prioritised risks related to the finance and administration
This section presents an action plan for the prioritised performance and resilience risks that relate to financing, organization, administration, and customer relations (Table 12). Some lower priority actions may also be included in the table if they are very easy to overcome at low or no cost. For the actions, it is essential to take a gender sensitive approach and take into account gender specific data.
| 1 | F=Finance | Reducing unnecessary expenses, and the implementation of alternative, economical, and sustainable energy systems (solar - wind). | Directors board +Donors | 8-12 months | 1800000 | Power outages, high prices for fuel and oil derivatives, and an increase in operating expenses | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | F=Finance | Dialogue with the organization to increase support for diesel | Directors board + Donors | 12 months | - | Shortage of UNICEF support to fund diesel provision, as well as possible discontinuation of subsidies | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | F=Finance | Develop an integrated and sustainable plan to reduce the non-revenue water (NRW); It should include: the NRW section and service cut section. During the distribution of water to the area; there will be following up the locations of the meters which were cut to detect thefts, checking the central meter and household meters, replacing damaged meters, illegal connections, and controlling leakage | Loss Management + Subscriber Relationship Management | 6 months | 200000 | High rate of administrative loss | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | ADM = administration and customer relations | Conducting courses within the institution by taking advantage of qualified cadres and dialogue with the supporting and donor agencies to support the institution’s employees in the field of training and rehabilitation because of its importance in performing business and accomplishing tasks | Enterprise leadership | 8 months | 100000 | Low level of performance of employees due to the inability of the institution to implement training and rehabilitation programs | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 5 | F=Finance | Dialogue with government agencies responsible for the investment program to restore support in the field of project implementation in order to maintain support and to reduce the financial problems and risks of the institution, | Directors board + Institution’s leadership | 3 months | 30000 | The investment program that was provided by the Ministry of Finance to the Corporation to implement projects stopped - which led to a shortage in the Corporation's financial budget | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 6 | F=Finance | Activating the institution’s workshop to carry out maintenance work for equipment and dialogue with international organizations and donors to support the institution by providing equipment, tools, mechanisms and maintenance requirements and emphasizing the importance of that support in providing water and sanitation services to citizens ; the service institution’s activities are almost suspended due to the deterioration of all maintenance equipment, tools and supplies | Institution’s leadership + donors | 3 months | 500000 | The inability of the institution to provide mechanisms, equipment, parts and maintenance supplies | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 7 | F=Finance | Conducting a plan that includes the method of payment through instalments or discounts against local council fees and others, and dialogue with government agencies to pay off the debt | Directors board + Institution’s leadership | 2 months | 5000 | The government sector has stopped paying monthly consumption bills, which represent 15% of sales | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
Table 13. Summary of action plan for prioritised water supply performance risks.
| 1 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Implementation of alternative energy sources such as solar energy and wind energy to operate some wells to reduce the use of fuel, as the study and designs were prepared by the corporation and only funding remained. The request of donors, organizations and others to finance the implementation of these projects, as well as the request of UNICEF to increase support for diesel | Directors board + Institution’s leadership | 8-12 months | 1800000 | The problem of power supply in all wells, power outage from the public network - and high fuel prices and scarcity | intolerable risk |
| 2 | DB = Distribution System | Activate the activities of the water loss management and follow-up team and include this within the water loss reduction plan | Loss Management + Technical Management | 4-6 months | 100000 | Water loss and stopping of water supply from subscribers due to leaks from some parts of the dilapidated network (galvanized iron pipes, especially buried ones) as a result of its long life | intolerable risk |
| 3 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Providing and rehabilitating a technical cadre specialized in the installation and maintenance of submersible pumps, and conducting specialized technical training courses in that field. | Institution’s leadership + Donors | 4-6 months | 40000 | Continuous failure of pumps and generators and their low efficiency | intolerable risk |
| 4 | DB = Distribution System | study of the scale of the problem; determining the number of subscribers who are actually purchasing from private water tankers ; and then analyze practical options for increasing the water supply, Preparing the studies and designs necessary to improve the network and dialogue with donors to finance the rehabilitation and improvement of the network | Leadership of the organization + Donors | 8-12 months | 250000 | The lack of adequate water access to subscribers, especially in high areas as a result of the random expansion of the network without any hydraulic design criteria, which makes subscribers rely on other sources to meet their needs such as (truck water- purchasing from the private sector. | intolerable risk |
| 5 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Activate the activities of the water loss management and follow-up team and include this within the reduction plan | Loss Management | 6 months | 80000 | The possibility of pollutants entering the tanks due to the lid was not tight well and retaining of contamination because it was not cleaned periodically and adequately | intolerable risk |
| 6 | HS = Household Storage | Examine the extent of the problem with the subscribers and conduct water quality analyses for a selected group of subscribers | Laboratory Management + Subscriber Relationship Management | 2 months | 30000 | Household tanks may be filled from other water sources such as truck water(water vender) and the private sector with water of poor quality | intolerable risk |
| 7 | TR = Treatment, | Request the support of donor organizations in rehabilitating sterilization and chlorination units and conducting periodic maintenance of treatment units | Institution’s leadership + Donors | 4 months | 120000 | Frequent downtime and suspension of sterilization and chlorination units due to the lack of periodic maintenance and the unavailability of maintenance spare parts | intolerable risk |
| 8 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Analyse the problem in more detail and explore the available and possible options for the institution to undertake to provide water supplies to citizens, reduce water demand, and expand the water network to cover needy areas | Institution’s leadership + Donors | 6-10 months | 1000000 | Customers may have difficulties to complement water from the system with water from private sector due to high cost | intolerable risk |
| 9 | TR = Treatment, | Providing occupational safety tools, qualification and training for working technicians, and conducting training courses | Institution’s leadership + Donors | 2-4 months | 20000/mo nth | Low chlorination work due to the lack of qualified staff and the lack of tools and occupational safety procedures for workers in the chlorination units | intolerable risk |
| 10 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Addressing the Ministry of Water and Environment, the local councils and the competent urban planning authorities to impose legal measures in this regard to preserve the area of the water basin and the area of agricultural land that contributes to feeding the basin with the reservation in the protected agricultural areas on the outskirts of the city of Ibb as areas of a water basin that are preserved and the imposition of security precautions on a large scale In order to preserve the areas of the aquarium | Ministry Leadership + NWRA +Local council | 6-8 months | 60000 | Urban expansion within the water basin area, which caused a reduction in the feeding areas of the water basin, i.e. a decrease in the recharging rate of the aquifer | intolerable risk |
| 11 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Encouraging the community to self-contribute to the implementation of projects, and organizing seminars and workshops to rationalize the community to know the risks arising from the discharge of sewage water into the water basin and the need to preserve it from pollution, and the use of draining to the septic pool, activating the water laws and legislation and implementing them on the ground regarding the protection of the water basin from pollution, and research For a financier to implement treatment plants and a sewage network to cover those areas | Directors board +Institution’s leadership +Donors | 12-30 months | 2000000 | Pollution of the aquifer water due to the discharge of sewage from areas )not connected by the sewage network( to the watershed area - basins (Maitm and Al-Sa'ool) | intolerable risk |
| 12 | WC = Water Catchment | Addressing the Ministry of Water and Environment and local councils to organize the construction of wells and reduce extraction for agriculture | Directors board + Institution’s leadership | 4-6 months | 70000 | Low groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | intolerable risk |
| 13 | TM = Transmission Main, | Activate the activities of the management and follow-up by the team of loss to assess the level of loss and leakage and to examine whether solutions can be made to protect the lines and to divert their paths outside the areas of the torrential flow | Loss Management + Technical Management | 8 months | 1500000 | The loss of water and the entry of pollutants as a result of the breaks in some pumping lines, whose paths pass in the course of the torrential rains | high risk |
| 14 | WS = Water Storage | Activate the activities of the water loss management and follow-up team and include this within the plan to reduce the water loss, rehabilitate and maintain the alarm system | Loss Management + Technical Management | 4-6 months | 15000 | Loss of water and the possibility of landslides as a result of the repeated flooding of the tank due to the failure of the alarming system | high risk |
| 15 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | Preparing studies, designs and dialogue with donors to finance projects for implementing protection walls for wells | Institution’s leadership + Donors | -6 months | 250000 | The occurrence of 5 wells - (Al-Raee house - Basins - Al-Maqsarah - Al-Samad - Al-Aqaer) - on the course of the torrential rains without protection exposes them to frequent breakdowns and damage to their components and the stopping of water pumping | high risk |
| 16 | DB = Distribution System | Replacing and maintaining home meters | Leadership of the organization + Donors | 3-6 months | 70000 | The high percentage of water losses due to the breakdown of home meters and the aging of their lifespan | high risk |
| 17 | HS = Household Storage | Analyze the problem and perform maintenance for a group of tanks in conjunction with testing the quality of the water provided by the institution | Laboratory Management | 4-6 months | 35000 | High pressures and the possibility of water leakage and loss, and the entry of pollutants into some pumping lines as a result of direct pumping into the network | high risk |
| 18 | TR = Treatment, | Analysing the resulting problems in more detail and conducting temporary treatments (sterilizing the subscribers’ tanks while pumping water), coordinating with international donor organizations to facilitate the import of the necessary chemicals on time | Donors | Whenever possible | 150000 | The amount of chlorine in the stores of the institution has run out and its import is prohibited due to the war and the siege | high risk |
| 19 | WS = Water Storage | An analysis of the possible effects and changes in service provision to subscribers (pressure, water volume, quality) and exploration of solutions and dialogue with donors to finance projects for implementing storage tanks with sufficient capacity commensurate with the amount of water received from the source | Institution’s leadership + Donors | Two years | 2000000 | The presence of only one collection tank with a volumetric capacity that is not commensurate with the amount of water received from the source, and therefore direct pumping is carried out to subscribers with a lower service level | high risk |
| 20 | WS = Water Storage | Dialogue with organizations to obtain support to rehabilitate the tank and activate periodic maintenance activities | Institution’s leadership + Donors | 3 months | 25000 | Lack of periodic maintenance of the tank and cracks in the walls of the tank - the possibility of disabling the tank of storing water | medium risk |
Table 14. Summary of action plan for prioritised wastewater performance risks
| 1 | SS = Sewer System | Rehabilitation of sewage networks, switching transmission lines in proportion to the flow, and activating binding and deterrent laws for those who tamper with the network. | Directors board+ local authority | 6-12 months | 2900000 | Implementation of random sewage networks with poor specifications on the outskirts of the city by citizens | intolerable risk |
| 2 | SS = Sewer System | Dialogue with international organizations and donors to provide these components to the sewage system to ensure continued treatment | Directors board + Donors | 6-12 months | 50000 | The high concentration of recycled sludge besides difficulty of deposing the sludge which make it accumulated inside treatment system | intolerable risk |
| 3 | TM=Transmission Main | Increasing the capacity of the treatment plant, expanding it, improving the treatment plant, and adding appropriate treatment units to improve efficiency | Directors board + Donors | 12-24 months | 3000000 | Increasing the amount of sewage water entering the plant by 500% over the design capacity | intolerable risk |
| 4 | TM=Transmission Main | Continuous dialogue with donor organizations to obtain long-term support to provide fuel for generators to operate the treatment plant on an ongoing basis and to provide a reserve stock for emergency cases, and to finance the project to operate the plant with solar energy, request the government support for fuel prices | Directors board + Donors | 6-10 months | 1900000 | Electricity cuts and insufficient fuel to operate the treatment plant | intolerable risk |
| 5 | TM=Transmission Main | Rehabilitation of equipment and components of treatment plant units, replacement of worn out components, provision of emergency maintenance and safety and security requirements, activation of the preventive maintenance program, and provision of a specialized technical staff to operate the plant | Corporation Board and Management + Donors | 3-6 months | 1000000 | The components of the treatment plant units are worn out and the inability to rehabilitate them and perform periodic maintenance | intolerable risk |
| 6 | TM=Transmission Main | Analyzing the problem in more detail and examining the extent of the user's participation in solving the problem and activating binding and deterrent laws for those who tamper with the network. In addition, commitment to the regular filtration and maintenance activities of the main sewage lines, | Directors board + Local Council | 6-14 months | 300000 | Some parts of the sewage network components (main and branch lines - manholes - manhole covers) are worn o | high risk |
| 7 | SS = Sewer System | Rehabilitation of degraded main and branch lines and replacement of damaged lines | Directors board + Donors | 8-18 months | 2000000 | Farmers use sewage water before treating it to irrigate their farms, which causes the spread of diseases and pollutants | high risk |
| 8 | TM=Transmission Main | Coordination with local councils and security authorities to prevent farmers from suctioning untreated sewage from manholes to irrigate farms which cause contamination risks for planting and groundwater, with indicative awareness of the dangers of using sewage water to irrigate crops | Media + local councils + civil society | 3-6 months | 30000 | Quantities of maintenance materials for the sewage network and treatment plant run out from the institution's warehouses, which causes the periodic maintenance to stop | high risk |
| 9 | TM=Transmission Main | Addition of sludge concentration tanks/basins associated of with sludge recycling pumps besides using suitable mechanical dry system for sludge | Directors board + Donors | 5-12 months | 1500000 | Frequent sewer blockages | high risk |
7. Proposed monitoring system
The proposed monitoring comprises two main issues: overall monitoring of the monthly performance of the water supply and waste water system and progress with the implementation of the RSIP.
In this section it is also important to indicate when the RSIP will be reviewed and revised as needed (possibly on an annual basis).
Annex 1 RSIP Team and list of advisors that where consulted
The proposed monitoring system needs to cover system performance, effectivity op control measures, and implementation of the RSIP.
In this section it is also important to indicate when the RSIP will be reviewed and revised as needed (possibly on an annual basis).
| 1 | Eng. Yazid A.Alderwish | Ibb Corporation | Team Leader (Trainee) | 777397678 | yazidaldarwish@gmail.com |
| 2 | Eng. Al-Abbas M .Albahem | Ibb Corporation | Team member (Trainee) | 773227804 | Albahemabbas2019@gmail.com |
| 3 | Eng. Bilal | Ibb Corporation | Team member (Trainee) | 771755667 | - |
| 4 | Eng. Bilal Sheikh | Ibb Corporation | Team member (Trainee) | 772292760 | - |
| 5 | Dr. Zamzam A.Y.Mubarak | - | Coach | 774229900 | Zamzam_mubarak@yahoo.com |
| 6 | Eng. Fares Hubaish | Sana’a Corporation | Coach | 771810333 | fareshubaish1f@gmail.com |
Overview of the boreholes used for the water supply
| Overview of the boreholes used for the water supply | |
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Table 15. Important risks in the water catchment area
Provide a brief description of the catchment area (Figure 3) (in case of a groundwater scheme of the aquifer and its main recharge area) and an indication of the main hazardous events in the water catchment area (water quality, water availability, landslides, catchment deterioration, expansion of agricultural border) that may affect system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 14). It is important to indicate whether the water utility by itself can do something in the water catchment or that it depends on other actors. This may include for example climate change related problems or over pumping by other actors.
| 1 | Urban expansion within the water basin area, which caused a reduction in the feeding areas of the water basin, i.e. a decrease in the recharging rate of the aquifer. | P = physical | 5 = very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Pollution of the aquifer water due to the discharge of sewage from areas )not connected by the sewage network( to the watershed area - basins (Maitm and Al-Sa'ool) | M = Microbial | 5 = very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | Low groundwater level (mostly due to agriculture) | P = physical | 5 = very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 16. Important risks in the water source and water intake
Provide a brief description of the water source(s) and water intake(s) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 15). This may include contamination of the source, deteriorating water quality in the source, lack of power sources, falling water table, damages of the intake due to war, flooding or other causes. If several boreholes exist, it may be an option to combine the description of the boreholes that tap the same aquifer, to minimize the length of the report. Yet it is essential that specific risks and hazardous events that are related to specific boreholes, such as high sensitivity to war damages, conflict points, or technical cracks in cover or casing that affect water quality of the borehole. Also provide a brief description of possible water loss that may take place in the water intake or transmission lines (Table 16). Whereas this is not included in the definition of non-revenue water it is important to understand the situation and explore whether this water loss can be prevented as it may make more water available for the water system or for other users. Water losses due to illegal use from the wells field or in the transmission lines for irrigation purposes consumes massive amount of water compared to domestic illegal uses.
| 1 | The problem of power supply in all wells, power outage from the public network - and high fuel prices and scarcity | P,IS= physical,Interruption in supply | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Continuous failure of pumps and generators and their low efficiency | P,IS= physical,Interruption in supply | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | The occurrence of 5 wells - (Al-Raee house - Basins - Al-Maqsarah - Al-Samad - Al-Aqaer) - on the course of the torrential rains without protection exposes them to frequent breakdowns and damage to their components and the stopping of water pumping | P,M,IS=physical,microbial, Interruption in supply | 3 = serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 7 – 10 High risk |
Overview of the Technical Design of Lc Boreholes
| Figure 4. Overview of the Technical Design of Lc Boreholes | |
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Table 17. Water loss in the water intake
Provide a brief description of the transmission main (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, water meter(s) and valves) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 17). This may include: leaking pipes, old pipes, landslides, poor reparations, illegal connections, etc. In case of pumping issues may be lack of fuel, poor electricity supply, inadequate maintenance etc. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place (Table 18).
| 1 | The occurrence of water losses in the wells water intakes in an explosion event or defect in the components of the intakes, which are very rare cases | (m3/year (0.005% 300 |
| 2 | The occurrence of losses as a result of connections at the well head to the homes of the wells guards | (m3/year (0.017% 1000 |
Picture of a diagram of the transmission lines
| Overview of the Technical Design of Sana’a Lc Boreholes |  |
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Table 18 Important risks in the transmission main
Provide a brief description of the transmission main (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, water meter(s) and valves) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 17). This may include: leaking pipes, old pipes, landslides, poor reparations, illegal connections, etc. In case of pumping issues may be lack of fuel, poor electricity supply, inadequate maintenance etc. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place (Table 18).
| 1 | The loss of water and the entry of pollutants as a result of the breaks in some pumping lines, whose paths pass in the course of the torrential rains | M = microbial | 5=very serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 7 – 10 high risk |
| 2 | High pressures and the possibility of water leakage and loss, and the entry of pollutants into some pumping lines as a result of direct pumping into the network | P = Physical | 3 = serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 7 – 10 high risk |
Table 19. Water loss in the transmission main
Table 19. Water loss in the transmission main
A picture or diagram of the treatment system and chlorination plants
| Figure 6. A picture or diagram of the treatment system and chlorination plants |  |
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Table 20. Important risks related to the water treatment system
Hazard type: M = microbial, C = chemical, P = physical, IS = interruption in supply
Effect: 1 = minimal effect; 3 = serious impact, 5 = very serious impact
Frequency: Rare (1) < 1% of the time, cases, connections; Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time, cases, connections; Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases, connections
| 1 | Frequent downtime and suspension of sterilization and chlorination units due to the lack of periodic maintenance and the unavailability of maintenance spare parts | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3= Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Low chlorination work due to the lack of qualified staff and the lack of tools and occupational safety procedures for workers in the chlorination units. | C = Chemical | 5=Very serious impact | 3= Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | The amount of chlorine in the stores of the institution has run out and its import is prohibited due to the war and the siege | IS = interruption in supply | 3 = Serious impact | 3= Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases | 7 – 10 High risk |
Table 21. Water loss in the treatment system
Table 21. Water loss in the treatment system
Pictures of typical meter situation and storage tanks
| Figure 7: Pictures of typical meter situation and storage tanks |  |
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Table 22. Important risks in the storage reservoir(s)
Provide a brief description of the storage reservoir(s) (Figure 7) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 21). This may include: leakages, damage because of the war, contamination, lack of maintenance. In case water chlorination is included in the storage reservoir than this also needs to be described (and this may entail problems with the supply of chlorine. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place including water that may be lost through the overflow or water used for cleaning (Table 22).
| 1 | The presence of only one collection tank with a volumetric capacity that is not commensurate with the amount of water received from the source, and therefore direct pumping is carried out to subscribers with a lower service level | P,IS=physical, Interruption in supply | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 2 | Lack of periodic maintenance of the tank and cracks in the walls of the tank - the possibility of losing its ability to collection and storage | P,M=Physical, Microbial | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
| 3 | Water loss and the possibility of landslides as a result of repeated flooding of the reservoir due to the failure of the alarming system | P = physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
Table 23. Water loss in water storage reservoir
Table 23. Water loss in water storage reservoir
Water Distribution Network Diagram
| Figure 8: Diagram of water distribution networks |  |
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Table 24. Important risks in the distribution system(s
Provide a brief description of the distribution system(s) (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, overflow, water meter(s) and valves) and a schematic drawing of the system (Figure 8). Indicate the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 23). This may include: intermittent water supply (rationing), high leakage, illegal connections, inadequate repairs, damage due to the war. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place and the water pressure distribution (Table 24).
| 1 | Water loss and stopping of water supply from subscribers due to leaks from some parts of the dilapidated network (galvanized iron pipes, especially buried ones) as a result of its long life | M,P,IS=microbial,physical, interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | The lack of adequate water access to subscribers, especially in high areas as a result of the random expansion of the network without any hydraulic design criteria, which makes subscribers rely on other sources to meet their needs such as (truck water- purchasing from the private sector) | P = physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 25. Water loss in water distribution system
A picture of the condition of the meter and the household tank
| Figure 9: Picture of the case of the meter and the household tank |  |
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Table 26. Important risks in Household water storage
Provide a brief description of household water situation (type of water meter, household water storage (size, type of material) (Figure 9) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 25). Explore whether risks are gender specific. Give an indication of the water loss that may take place (flowing toilets, plumbing problems, leaking taps, including water that may be lost through the overflow of storage tanks (Table 26).
| 1 | The high percentage of water losses due to the breakdown of home meters and the aging of their lifespan | M,P=Microbial,physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 2 | The possibility of pollutants entering tanks when water leaks , and remain because tanks are not cleaned periodically and adequately | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | Household tanks may be filled from other water sources such as truck water(water vender) and the private sector with water of poor quality | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 27. Water loss at household level
Pictures of alternative water sources
| Figure 10: Pictures of alternative water sources |  |
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Table 28. Important risks in alternative water systems
Provide a brief description of alternative water systems (Figure 10), the level of use by consumers and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect these systems, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 27). This may include for example local water distribution points that provide water to the community which they receive from tankers (paid by humanitarian organizations), local wells and rainwater systems. In the Yemeni context alternative water sources may be an important source for drinking water and may for example entail a risk of spreading cholera, but also may affect water sales of the utility, affecting its financial sustainability and resilience.
| 1 | Customers may have difficulties to complement water from the system with water from private sector due to high cost | P = physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 29. Less important risks that were identified
Table 29: Less important risks that were identified
| 1 | Tank lacks maintenance and maybe leaking | P,M=physical,microbial | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
Table 30. Intervention to reduce risk of water tariff not covering cost
Intervention to reduce risk of water tariff not covering cost
| 1 | High and further increasing fuel price makes operating expenses grow | 8-12 months | 1800000 | 1- Rationalizing unnecessary expenses. 2- Improving operating efficiency by improving energy efficiency, reducing fuel consumption, and installing solar energy systems. a. The first phase of implementing solar energy systems for 16 wells, funded by UNICEF, has begun, studies and procedures are being completed to announce the tender + implementation of solar energy systems for 7 wells funded by UNOPS | 1. Find financing 2. Dialogue with international donor organizations and the supporting government agencies to support the Foundation with fuel. 3. Dialogue with international organizations to finance the implementation of alternative solar energy projects to reduce the use of fuel. 4. Providing and installing solar powered pumps. |
Table 31. Intervention to Very high NRW (technical and financial losses)
Intervention to Very high NRW (technical and financial losses)
Table 32. Intervention to reduce risk of high fuel prices and frequent fuel crises (Fuel Instability)
Intervention to reduce risk of high fuel prices and frequent fuel crises (Fuel Instability)
table 33.Intervention to reduce risk of households water storage tanks
In this section, the proposed actions to improve the system and enhance its resilience are presented in some detail. In this version of the report the activities related to only one of the main risks are presented in table (A2.10.1); in the final version also the other priority actions will be included.
| 1 | Pollution of the aquifer water due to the discharge of sewage from areas not served by the sewage network to the watershed area | 12-30 months | 1800000$ | Implementing the sewage network to cover those areas and activating water laws and legislation and implementing them on the ground regarding the protection of the water basin from pollution and urban expansion | 1- 1- Expansion of sewage networks to raise all wastewater from valleys within the water basin. 2- 2- Activating and implementing water laws and legislation on the reality of how to deal with water resources, which represent a water source for all, and preserving the water basin from pollution and urban expansion. 3- 3- Take the necessary measures to prevent pollution of the water basin resulting from oils, sanitary waste and construction waste. 4- 4- Providing effective protection for specific sites as water basins from pollution and urban expansion in them. 5- 5- Activating the process of water awareness through all media (audio, printAL and visual) aimed at the need to protect water resources from pollution |
table 34: Intervention to reduce risk of sewers blockage
In this section, the proposed actions to improve the system and enhance its resilience are presented in some detail. In this version of the report the activities related to only one of the main risks are presented in table (34); in the final version also the other priority actions will be included.
| 1 | The increase in the amount of sewage flowing to the treatment plant due to the population increase and displacement following the armed conflict in the neighbouring cities to the city of Ibb, which led to a low level of efficiency of the performance of the sewage treatment plant due to its limited design capacity and limited maintenance procedures since its establishment and the failure to implement the expansion of the plant, which causes serious environmental disaster impact on the environment and on the humans to leave the water without treatment | 12-24 months | 3000000 | Execution of the expansion of the treatment plant to accommodate the amount of sewage flowing into the plant | 1-Preparing the technical and environmental studies and designs 2- Dialogue with international donor organizations and government agencies to finance the project to implement the expansion of the treatment plant. 3- Executing the expansion |
