Water and Sanitation Local Cooperation's RSIP
Annotated content page RSIP(Note for the reader; this annotated content page has been developed to facilitate the development of the Resilience and Service Improvement Plan (RSIP) report
1 Summary of the plan
This section provides a brief summary of the main problems and actions that were identified to enhance the performance of the utility and improve its resilience. The summary presents the main problems and solutions that have been identified related to the financial, administrative and technical performance, whilst also looking at possible environmental and man-made threats (Table 1).This section visualizes a brief summery for the main problems and procedures that were identified to enhance the performance of the utilities and improve its resilience plan. The summery also demonstrates main problems and the optimal solutions that have been identified regarding Financial, administrative and technical performance. It also highlights the possible environmental and humanitarian threats.
Table 1 Summary of main problems, proposed actions and time frame
The main problems and proposed actions are briefly presented below under three* main subheadings:
Financial, administrative and consumer related risks
Risk and intervention 1: …….. (just the name or a brief explanation of the problem; followed by the proposed intervention in a little more detail than indicated in the table)
Risk and intervention 2: …..
Risk and intervention 3: ……
Technical risks
Risk and intervention 1: …….
Risk and intervention 2: ……..
Risk and intervention 3: …….
This summery will very much help sharing the planned activities with different actors.
| 1 | Water Tariff not covering production cost | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Lack of Donors support and suspension of governmental subsidy since 2015 | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | Increase customers debts due to the inability to pay due to the war & the interruption of salaries and Increasing governmental debt too | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | High number of unqualified employees | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 5 | High number of unqualified employees | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 6 | High number of unqualified employees | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 7 | Fuel crisis and instability in fuel prices , and no ability to have new energy sources as generators or solar energy systems. | intolerable risk |
| 8 | Lack of Water resources | intolerable risk |
| 9 | Pollution of the western wells field as a result of the lack of sewage networks | intolerable risk |
| 10 | lack of chemicals materials | high risk |
| 11 | insufficient routine maintenance activities due crisis and war | high risk |
| 12 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | intolerable risk |
| 13 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | intolerable risk |
| 14 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | intolerable risk |
| 15 | Frequent blockages in the sewage network | intolerable risk |
| 16 | Hospitals and slaughterhouses waste and Waste from restaurants and public toilets | intolerable risk |
| 17 | Drainage of rain water through the sewage network | intolerable risk |
| 18 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | intolerable risk |
| 19 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | intolerable risk |
| 20 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | intolerable risk |
2 Introduction
The resilience and service improvement plan (RSIP) for the water utility ……….. was developed in ….., by a small team of .. persons (Annex 1). It presents an overview of the water supply and sewerage system, its main components, and the main problems related to the performance of the organization and the risks that have been identified related to the water quality, quantity and continuity of the water supply waste water services. It outlines the envisaged actions that have been prioritised to be implemented to enhance performance and improve resilience to respond to natural and manmade disasters. It includes a time frame, an indication of responsible actors, and provides a brief description of the monitoring and review process that is envisaged. The plan also looks at the risks related to the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 virus.
Revise text: Whereas there is no indication of transmission of this virus through water supply, the pandemic may cause serious disruptions in system operations This may include shortage of staff, power disruptions, and shortages of chemicals and other supplies, caused for example by Government directives. Protecting the health and safety of employees needs to be emphasized in the risk mitigation plan to ensure that essential functions can be maintained..
The RSIP was approved by …. on …. (date), and will be reviewed on …. (date)
Table 2. Basic information about the utility and its customers
This section provides basic information of the water utility and its customers (Table 2)
| Name of the utility | Dhamar LC |
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| City/Governorate | 350000 inhabitant |
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| City Population | 350000 inhabitant |
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| Number of customers (water supply / wastewater) | 23269 water supply/ 14251 waste water Number of water beneficiaries 212,883 inhabitant / Number of sanitation beneficiaries 128,259 inhabitant |
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| Water supply/ Waste water coverage | 60% water supply networks - 37% waste water networks |
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| How many internally displaced persons (IDP) are served by the system (and % of IDP in area) | 50000 inhabitant |
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| Per capita water demand (l/c/d) | 60 Litter/capital/ day |
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| Average water demand (m3/day)Untitled | 12772.98 m3 / day (212,883 inhabitant) |
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| Average water production (m3/day) | 9782.5 m3/day |
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| Average water volume billed (m3/day) | 8200 m3/day |
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| Per capita consumption (l/c/d), (billed) | 38.5 litters /capital /day |
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| Operating hours/day and day/week | 12hours/day -6days/week |
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| Main Power source | Generators (diesel) / solar energy / (there is no government or private electricity) |
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| Number of staff | 250 permanent / 12 contractors / 67 daily wages / total 329 employees / 42 retired // |
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| Non-revenue water (NRW) (%) | 16.2% |
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| Average volume of waste water produced (m3/day) | 7524 m3/day |
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| Average volume of waste water treated (m3/day) | 7524 m3/day |
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Table 3a. Financial performance of the water branch of the utility
Financial performance of the water branch of the utility
| Rate revenues(metered) per year | $ 851,379 |
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| Income from flat rates (not metered) per year | 0 |
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| Income from commercial customers per year | 93,479$ |
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| Income from public taps, if any per year | 0 |
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| Subsidy (government, municipality) per year | 0 |
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| Other income (specify) per year | 331,816$ |
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| Total annual income | 1,276,674$ |
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| Total annual expenditures | 2,078,400$ |
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| Collection efficiency (payment received/billed amount/year) | % 62 |
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| Annual cost recovery from users (income from users /expenditures) | 61% |
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| Average cost of water production and distribution (per m3) | 1.14$ |
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Table 3b. Financial performance of the waste water branch
Table 3b. Financial performance of the waste water branch (This table only need to be included if cost for water and sanitation are available separately)
| Income from waste water (WW) charges to users per year | $ 595,965 |
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| Income from WW charges to commercial customers per year | $ 65,435 |
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| Subsidy (government, municipality) per year | - |
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| Other income (specify) per year | - |
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| Total annual income | 661,400$ |
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| Total annual expenditures | 97,846$ |
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| Collection efficiency (payment received/billed amount/year) | - |
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| Annual cost recovery from users (income from users /expenditures) | - |
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| Average cost of waste water discharge and treatment (per m3) | - |
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Table 4. Main cost items for the water and waste water (cost in $ per year) (2019)
Table 4. Main cost items for the water and waste water (cost in $ per year)
| Staff cost for water supply | 0 |
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| Staff cost for waste water | |
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| Staff cost-Total cost per year | 727.821 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.) for water supply | 0 |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.) for waste water | |
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| Transport cost (vehicles etc.)-Total cost per year | 48.990 |
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| Energy cost for water supply | - |
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| Energy cost for waste water | - |
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| Energy cost (also includes maintenance cost of all transport) - Total cost per year | 597,507 $ |
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| Chemicals costs for water supply | - |
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| Chemicals costs for waste water | - |
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| Chemicals costs-Total cost per year | 100,133 $ |
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| Materials costs for water supply | - |
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| Materials costs for waste water | - |
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| Materials costs -Total cost per year | 335,175 $ |
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| Contracts for larger repairs for water supply | - |
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| Contracts for larger repairs for waste water | - |
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| Contracts for larger repairs -Total cost per year | 84,975 |
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| Others for water supply | - |
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| Others for waste water | - |
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| Others-Total cost per year | 281,645$ |
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| Total annual cost for water supply | - |
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| Total annual cost for waste water | - |
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| Total annual cost- Total cost per year | 2,176,246$ |
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| The cost items include the monetary value of the in-kind contributions the utility receives; The table does not include cost related to system expansion If cost for water and waste water cannot be separated then just fill the last column | - |
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Table 5 Water balance
One key tool to assess the situation in the utility is the water balance (Table 5). Filling out the water balance will give an indication of the performance of the utility in terms of water supply. On average in 2019 a volume of …. m3 is put into supply and on average a volume of …. m3 is being billed to customers. A more detailed estimate of the water balance is presented in Table 5.
This overview only concerns the water loss as defined by IWA, which is about the water that is produced and put into supply. In addition however water may be ‘lost’ in the intake structure and in the transmission main to the water treatment plant, (or water tank with disinfection), the treatment process (backwash) and the transmission to water storage tanks.
| Authorized consumption m3 | 0 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed m3 | 2,420,225 billed m |
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| Authorized consumption Billed metered Volume m3 | 660,521 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed unmetered Volume m3 | 1,759,704 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed Unpaid metered (partly delayed payment)Volume m3 | 330,260.5 |
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| Authorized consumption Billed Unpaid unmetered Volume m3 | 1,055,822.4 |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled Volume m3 | 2,920 |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled metered Volume m3 | 1,512 |
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| Authorized consumption unbilled unmetered m3 | 1,408 |
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| Water losses m3 | 0 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) m3 | 183,347 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) - Metering inaccuracies volume m3 | 57,437 |
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| Water losses - apparent losses (commercial losses) - Unauthorized consumption (illegal connections)volume m3 | 125,910 |
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| Water losses Real losses volume m3 | 81,4393 |
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| Water losses Real losses Leakages in storage reservoirs, distribution mains and service lines volume m3 | - |
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| Water losses-Real losses -Overflow of water tanks, flushing of pipes volume m3 | - |
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| Total Revenue water-Authorized\consumption | 2,420,225 |
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| Total non revenue water m3 | 567,706 |
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Table 6 Main financial and organizational problems and risks
In this section the main financial and organizational problems are being presented that may jeopardize the performance and the resilience of the utility. Hazardous events in this area may relate to financing, administration and customer relationships (Table 6). The main hazardous events have to be identified and the risks have to be assessed to be able to prioritize action.
Problems may include a high level of non-revenue water. It may be this is already known in more detail (high water physical water loss, many illegal connections, and water meter inaccuracies). It may also be a more general problem of water tariffs that are not covering the cost, a large number of displaced persons with limited resources, or because other financial resources such as support from external organizations may be at risk.
Administrative problems may include: high staff turnover, weak staff regulations, administrative difficulties such as meter reading, inaccurate customer data base, as well as not following up on customer complaints.
| 1 | Water Tariff not covering production cost | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Lack of Donors support and suspension of governmental subsidy since 2015 | IS,LF= interruption in supply,lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | Increase customers debts due to the inability to pay due to the war & the interruption of salaries and Increasing governmental debt too | IS,LF= interruption in supply,lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | High number of unqualified employees | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 5 | High number of unqualified employees | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 6 | High number of unqualified employees | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
3 Review of risks in the water supply system
This section provides an overview of the system including some key characteristics (Table 7), a map with the system components (Figure 1) and an overview of the main risks that have been identified (Table 8). These risks may relate to different types of hazards including the deterioration of the biological, chemical or physical water quality, problems related to the availability of water, interruption of water distribution. The information presented in this chapter is based on the detailed assessment of each component of the water system presented in Annex 2.
Table 7. Basic information about the water supply system
This section provides an overview of the system including some key characteristics (Table 7), a map with the system components (Figure 1) and an overview of the main risks that have been identified (Table 8). These risks may relate to different types of hazards including the deterioration of the biological, chemical or physical water quality, problems related to the availability of water, interruption of water distribution. The information presented in this chapter is based on the detailed assessment of each component of the water system presented in Annex 2.
| Type of water source(s) | Groundwater |
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| Number of boreholes and capacity (l/s) | 25 working wells / 340 liters / second |
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| Depth of boreholes (range) | 200 meters in the eastern field wells - 250 meters in the western field wells |
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| Age (average and range) | (1990 AD - 2020 AD) |
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| Average water production (m3/day) | 9782.5 m3/day |
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| Type of water treatment | Chlorine |
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| Design capacity (m3/day) | 12772.98 m3/day |
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| Transmission lines + pumping mains (km) | 15 km for the wells of a toxic field to the Thamar reservoir - 17 km to the Oran and Dhamar al-Qarn reservoirs |
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| Distribution system (service connections) (km) | 270 km |
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| Water storage tanks (number& total capacity in m3) | 3 main tanks / total capacity 18600 m3 |
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| Number of operating water pumps | average 12 hours |
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| Spare pumps | 10 used pumps available in stock |
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| Number of house connections (W &WW) | 23269 |
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| Part of house connections with meters (%) | 35.25% |
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| Number of public, social and utility standpoints | - |
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| Operating hours/day and day/week | 12 / day / 6 days / week |
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| Main Power source | Generators (diesel) - solar energy |
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| Number of bulk water meters | Each pumping unit has a meter of 25 meters - the distribution meter is stopped |
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| Non-revenue water (NRW) | 39.4% |
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| Commercial losses (%) of NRW | 22.9% |
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| Leakage (%) of NRW | 16.5% |
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| Average operating pressure (m) and range | 15 m for the nearby areas and the city center - 6 m for the outskirts.- 5 m for the western region |
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| Number of pipe bursts (No/km/year) | 516/ for main and sub network |
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| Specific damages caused by the war | The meters were stolen, the water network was attacked due to the lack of pressure, the failure to keep pace with the population increase with the expansion of the network diameters, and the replacement of the dilapidated network for its life span due to the cessation of government support |
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| Schematic drawing of the system and its main components |  |
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Table 8. Summary of important hazards and risks in the components of the water system
Hazard type: M = microbial, C = chemical, P = physical, IS = interruption in supply. Effect: 1 = minimal effect; 3 = serious impact, 5 = very serious impact Frequency: Rare (1) < 1% of the time, cases, connections, area; Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time, cases, connections, area; Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases, connections, area Risk levels (frequency x effect): low risk < 3; medium risk 3 – 6; high risk 7 – 10; intolerable risk > 10 |
| 1 | Fuel crisis and instability in fuel prices , and no ability to have new energy sources as generators or solar energy systems. | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 2 | Lack of Water resources | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 3 | Pollution of the western wells field as a result of the lack of sewage networks | C = Chemical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 4 | lack of chemicals materials | M,C,P= Microbial, Chemical, Physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 5 | insufficient routine maintenance activities due crisis and war | IS,M= Interruption in supply, Microbial | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | high risk |
| 6 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | IS,M= Interruption in supply, Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 7 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | IS,M= Interruption in supply, Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 8 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | IS,M= Interruption in supply, Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
Overview of the water supply system
| Figure 1. Overview of the water supply system |  |
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4 Waste water related problems
In this section the proposed actions to improve performance and enhance resilience are presented in some detail. The activities for each main risk are presented in a separate table (29 etc., ……)
Table 9. Basic information about the waste water system
This section provides an overview of the sewer system and waste water treatment plants, including some key characteristics (Table 9) and a map with the system components (Figure 2).
| Name | - |
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| Average annual flow (m3/year) | 2,746,260 m3/year |
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| Type of waste water treatment (and age) | Aerobic / 30 years |
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| Annual average design flow (m3/year) | 8000-10000 m3/day |
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| Length of sewerage system (km) | 162 km |
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| Design organic load (BOD) | 50 g/person/day |
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| Actual inlet organic load (BOD) | 2040 mg/L |
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| Efficiency: outflow organic load (BOD) | 415 mg/L |
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| Age of distribution system (average and range) | 20-30 years |
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| Number of service connections | 14251 delivery |
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| Number of sewer left stations | Nothing |
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| Operating hours/day | - |
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| Main power source | - |
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| Number of waste water overflow points | 2278 |
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| Specific damages caused by the war | Repeated attacks on the sewage network, Lack of controls for restaurants, public bathrooms, slaughterhouses and hospitals to make collecting basins before entering the sewage network, Lack of funds for the maintenance of the network and the station and the failure to introduce new areas to treat epidemics - Urban sprawl on the proposed site for the expansion of the treatment plant. |
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Table 10. Summary of important hazards and risks related to waste water
Table 10 presents the main hazardous events and risks that have been identified. These risks may relate to different types of events including blockage of sewers causing contamination of housing areas, deterioration of the infrastructure, pumping problems, interruption or malfunctioning of the treatment system generating odour problems or fly nuisance but also low connection ratio in areas where onsite systems are causing problems. If wastewater management and financing is separated from the management of the water supply system, than risks may also include financing and staff problems. The resulting hazards may include contamination of the service area and of downstream water sources which may contribute to the spread of disease including for example cholera. In case a considerable number of risks exist a good option to consider is to present a more detailed analysis in an annex and just summarise the situation in Table 10.
| 1 | Frequent blockages in the sewage network | CS,CD,PF, OP= Contamination service area,contamination in areas below service area, flies spread,Smell problems | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 2 | Hospitals and slaughterhouses waste and Waste from restaurants and public toilets | CS,CD,OP=Contamination service area,Contamination downstream, Odour problems | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 3 | Drainage of rain water through the sewage network | CS,CD,PF, OP= Contamination service area,contamination in areas below service area, flies spread,Smell problems | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 4 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | CD: Contamination downstream | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 5 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | CD: Contamination downstream | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
| 6 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | CD: Contamination downstream | 5= very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | intolerable risk |
The wastewater treatment system components
| Figure 3: Picture of the basin area (watershed) |  |
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5 Overview of the main risks and possible control measures
Table 11. Effect of control measures on important risk
In this section the main risks that were identified in chapter 2, 3, and 4 are listed (Table 11). For some of these the utility may already have put already control measures or other interventions in place that may reduce the risk if effective or not. This needs to be taken into account in the final priority setting related to the different risks that were established in section 2, 3, and 4. To clarify this issue we can look at some examples. A possible hazardous event may be that a borehole gets contaminated because of inflow of water from the surface due to poor protection of the well head. Flooding may happen a few times a year (score 3 likely) and impact is serious (3) so risk is 9. The utility may have arranged for disinfecting wells after flooding, but this may not prevent water draining into the well when it rains. So the control measure does not seem effective. Hence despite the control measure the risk does remain 9. Another hazardous event may be experienced staff leaving the utility. A control measure that may have been put in place is to develop standard operating procedures so new staff knows what to do, but this may not be sufficient to overcome the lack of experience. So in that case the risk still may be high and this then requires a more in-depth analysis of the causes of experienced staff leaving
| 1 | F= Finance | Water tariff does not cover operating expenses | The adjustment of the cost of the commercial sector was started after the meeting of the minutes of the Board of Directors | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 2 | F,ADM =Finance,Administration and customer relations | The weak of participants’ database (needs the GIS system for its comprehensiveness and accuracy), and network maps and rihablitatate of LC’s functional staff | Reliance was placed on programs that do not depend on spatial analysis such as PIIS, and the need for a GIS system was raised - the need to rehabilitate the functional staff and update it to keep pace with modern technologies and systems | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 3 | F,ADM =Finance,Administration and customer relations | Increase of indebtedness due to the inability to pay due to the war and the interruption of salaries | - Citizens and installments are taken into account to facilitate payment. - Collection from the commercial sector - Collection from the local government sector - Addressing and following up on the finances to pay the government debt | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 4 | SI = Source/Intake | Sudden drop in water levels for the wells of the western region/ illegal use of well field | Attempting to stop tampering with water basins and random drilling, especially where the wells of the LC are located. - Starting the water law update | - | No = No effect | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 5 | SI = Source/Intake | Lack of enrgy sources for operating wells | Introducing alternative energy (solar energy) to more than 80% of the available wells | - | Good = Important effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 6 | F= Finance | Risen of fuel (desiel) prices, and repeated crisis | - Partial support with diesel from UNICEF to operate wells - Purchase with self-financing from the Foundation | - | Good = Important effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 7 | TM,DB=Transmission Main,Distribution System | Leakage in pipes due to its age, and precent of loss increament | Processing is done for networks - and self-financing water meters are installed in proportion to the LC's financial situation | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 8 | WS,DB=Water Storage,Distribution System | There is no enough pressure at the end of network | The pumping unit (horizontal pump) has been installed, and the lift at the needs that will supplied by the power source. | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 9 | SS=Sewage system | Frequent blockages in the sewage network / Drainage of rain water through the sewage network/ Increase of maintenance manhole covers / Concrete erosion of old manholes | The most obstructed areas were targeted with emergency funding from UNICEF, with a length of 18 km - Searching for financing for supplies of covers and maintenance equipment - Searching for funds for the maintenance of affected concrete manholes. | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | >10 Very high risk |
| 10 | TR = Treatment | Waste from restaurants and public toilets / Hospital and slaughterhouse waste and solutions | Relahbiltation of primary tratment plant bonds which granti the pereventaion of waste entrning to the treatment plant and effected the treatment | - | Slight = Slight effect on risk | 7 – 10 High risk |
| 11 | WC = Water Catchment | The western wells field is polluted due to the absence of waste water network | Small funding is used for waste pits suctioning. | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 12 | WC = Water Catchment | The western wells field is polluted due to the absence of waste water network | Small funding is used for waste pits suctioning. | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
| 13 | WC = Water Catchment | The western wells field is polluted due to the absence of waste water network | Small funding is used for waste pits suctioning. | - | No = No effect | >10 Very high risk |
6. Action plan for prioritised resilience risks
Table 12. Summary of action plan for prioritised risks related to the finance and administration
This section presents an action plan for the prioritised performance and resilience risks that relate to financing, organization, administration, and customer relations (Table 12). Some lower priority actions may also be included in the table if they are very easy to overcome at low or no cost. For the actions, it is essential to take a gender sensitive approach and take into account gender specific data.
| 1 | F,ADM=Finance,administration and customer relations | Issuing decisions to raise the water tariff with taken in account people limited income species | Ministry / LC / Local counsil | 2 months | - | Water Tariff not covering production cost | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | F,ADM=Finance,administration and customer relations | - Communicate with donors to support the water sector on an exceptional basis. - Issuance of decisions by the state to make annual allocations to support the developmental water sector in line with urban development and population density. | Ministry - LC – high counsil of homeatrian affairs | 6 months | - | Lack of Donors support and suspension of governmental subsidy since 2015 | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | F,ADM=Finance,administration and customer relations | Instalment for citizen due to war conditions - following up on the finances to pay the government agencies debt | Ministry / LC / donor organizations | 3-5 months | - | Increase customers debts due to the inability to pay due to the war & the interruption of salaries and Increasing governmental debt too | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | F=Finance | - | - | - | - | High number of unqualified employees | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 5 | F=Finance | - | - | - | - | High number of unqualified employees | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 6 | F=Finance | - | - | - | - | High number of unqualified employees | (7 – 10) High risk |
Table 13. Summary of action plan for prioritised water supply performance risks.
| 1 | DB = Distribution System | Supplies of pumps, motors and generators of various capacities to meet maintenance work and rehabilitation of water systems | Ministry / institutio n / donor organizati ons | 3 months | 300000 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | intolerable risk |
| 2 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | - Operating wels by solar energy ( Alhamdi and 7 july wells) - Complete second stage of centeral solar energy | Ministry / LC / Donor Organizations | 12 month | - | Fuel crisis and instability in fuel prices , and no ability to have new energy sources as generators or solar energy systems. | intolerable risk |
| 3 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | - Introducing new groundwater sources to keep pace with demand and cover the deficit, number 10 wells - Updating the water law to prevent tampering with water basins - Establishing a judicial court for water problems to reduce random digging. | Ministry / LC / Donor Organizati ons | 12 months | 1300000 | Lack of Water resources | intolerable risk |
| 4 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | - | - | - | - | Pollution of the western wells field as a result of the lack of sewage networks | intolerable risk |
| 5 | DB = Distribution System | Supplying a 250-kilowatt generator to operate the centrifugal pump for the Thimr tank (solar energy source). Network replacement for small diameters | Ministry / institutio n / donor organizati ons | 16 months | 4000000 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | intolerable risk |
| 6 | SI = Source/Intake or borehole | - | - | - | - | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network / | intolerable risk |
| 7 | DB = Distribution System | Supplying a 250-kilowatt generator to operate the centrifugal pump for the Thimr tank (solar energy source). Network replacement for small diameters | Ministry / institutio n / donor organizati ons | 16 months | 4000000 | insufficient routine maintenance activities due crisis and war | high risk |
| 8 | DB = Distribution System | Supplying a 250-kilowatt generator to operate the centrifugal pump for the Thimr tank (solar energy source). Network replacement for small diameters | Ministry / institutio n / donor organizati ons | 16 months | 4000000 | lack of chemicals materials | high risk |
Table 14. Summary of action plan for prioritised wastewater performance risks
| 1 | TM=Transmission Main | Supplying a chlorination unit for the final treatment with the rehabilitation of the building | Ministry – LC donor | 3 months | 30000 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | intolerable risk |
| 2 | SS = Sewer System | Implementation of the conveying line from the western ring road to the treatment plant, to relieve pressure on the old network | Ministry – LC donor | 9 | 700000 | Frequent blockages in the sewage network | intolerable risk |
| 3 | SS = Sewer System | Supplying and installing manhole covers for 200 covers | Ministry – LC donor | 12 months | 2000000 | Hospitals and slaughterhouses waste and Waste from restaurants and public toilets | intolerable risk |
| 4 | SS = Sewer System | Involve the community in implementing awareness raising. | Ministry – LC donor | 3 | 55000 | Drainage of rain water through the sewage network | intolerable risk |
| 5 | TM=Transmission Main | Supplying a chlorination unit for the final treatment with the rehabilitation of the building | Ministry – LC donor | 3 months | 30000 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | intolerable risk |
| 6 | TM=Transmission Main | Supplying a chlorination unit for the final treatment with the rehabilitation of the building | Ministry – LC donor | 3 months | 30000 | Exiting the final treatment unit of the treatment plant (chlorination unit) | intolerable risk |
7. Proposed monitoring system
The proposed monitoring comprises two main issues: overall monitoring of the monthly performance of the water supply and waste water system and progress with the implementation of the RSIP.
In this section it is also important to indicate when the RSIP will be reviewed and revised as needed (possibly on an annual basis).
Annex 1 RSIP Team and list of advisors that where consulted
The proposed monitoring system needs to cover system performance, effectivity op control measures, and implementation of the RSIP.
In this section it is also important to indicate when the RSIP will be reviewed and revised as needed (possibly on an annual basis).
| 1 | Eng. Taha Mohammed Alhindii | Dhamar LC | Participate in the detrmanation of problems and challenges | 777231733 | tahaalahindii@g mail.com |
| 2 | Eng. Kamal Yahya Alqutni | Dhamar LC | - | 777643361 | Ana.kamal020@g mail.com |
| 3 | Nabiel Abdulrahman khofashah | Dhamar LC | - | 771395028 | Nabeel3d2020@g mail.com |
| 4 | Eng. Ameen Abdoraboh Almaweari | Sana’a LC | - | 777474841 | Eng_ar1@yahoo. com |
| 5 | Dr. Shrafaddin Abdullah Ahmed | WEC | - | 777665575 | sharafadin@gmail .com |
| 6 | Dr. Shrafaddin Abdullah Ahmed | WEC | - | 777665575 | sharafadin@gmail .com |
| 7 | Dr. Shrafaddin Abdullah Ahmed | WEC | - | 777665575 | sharafadin@gmail .com |
Overview of the boreholes used for the water supply
| Overview of the boreholes used for the water supply |  |
|---|
Table 15. Important risks in the water catchment area
Provide a brief description of the catchment area (Figure 3) (in case of a groundwater scheme of the aquifer and its main recharge area) and an indication of the main hazardous events in the water catchment area (water quality, water availability, landslides, catchment deterioration, expansion of agricultural border) that may affect system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 14). It is important to indicate whether the water utility by itself can do something in the water catchment or that it depends on other actors. This may include for example climate change related problems or over pumping by other actors.
| 1 | Suddenly dropping levels for the wells of the western region | IS = Interruption in supply | 5 = very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 200 |
| 2 | Contamination of the western field wells from sewage leakage from neighboring wells due to the lack of a sewage network | C,M=Chemical,Microbial | 3 = serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 199 |
| 3 | 4 out of service wells in the western field out of a total of 20 wells due to falling levels. | IS = Interruption in supply | 5 = very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 200 |
Table 16. Important risks in the water source and water intake
Provide a brief description of the water source(s) and water intake(s) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 15). This may include contamination of the source, deteriorating water quality in the source, lack of power sources, falling water table, damages of the intake due to war, flooding or other causes. If several boreholes exist, it may be an option to combine the description of the boreholes that tap the same aquifer, to minimize the length of the report. Yet it is essential that specific risks and hazardous events that are related to specific boreholes, such as high sensitivity to war damages, conflict points, or technical cracks in cover or casing that affect water quality of the borehole. Also provide a brief description of possible water loss that may take place in the water intake or transmission lines (Table 16). Whereas this is not included in the definition of non-revenue water it is important to understand the situation and explore whether this water loss can be prevented as it may make more water available for the water system or for other users. Water losses due to illegal use from the wells field or in the transmission lines for irrigation purposes consumes massive amount of water compared to domestic illegal uses.
| 1 | Lack of energy sources | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Illegal use of well fields (random drilling) | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 3 | Unavailability of fuel (diesel) for 24 hours operation | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | Pollution of the western field as a result of the leakage of sewage water to it due to the lack of a sewage network in the area | M,C=microbial,chemical | 3 = serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 7 – 10 High risk |
Overview of the Technical Design of Lc Boreholes
| Figure 4. Overview of the Technical Design of Lc Boreholes |  |
|---|
Table 17. Water loss in the water intake
Provide a brief description of the transmission main (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, water meter(s) and valves) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 17). This may include: leaking pipes, old pipes, landslides, poor reparations, illegal connections, etc. In case of pumping issues may be lack of fuel, poor electricity supply, inadequate maintenance etc. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place (Table 18).
Picture of a diagram of the transmission lines
| Overview of the Technical Design of Sana’a Lc Boreholes | |
|---|
Table 18 Important risks in the transmission main
Provide a brief description of the transmission main (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, water meter(s) and valves) (Figure 4) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 17). This may include: leaking pipes, old pipes, landslides, poor reparations, illegal connections, etc. In case of pumping issues may be lack of fuel, poor electricity supply, inadequate maintenance etc. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place (Table 18).
| 1 | Illegal connections | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | poor maintenance | IS = Interruption in supply | 3 = serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | 7 – 10 high risk |
| 3 | Leakage in pipes due to their age | IS = Interruption in supply | 5=very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 19. Water loss in the transmission main
Table 19. Water loss in the transmission main
| 1 | Leakage | - |
| 2 | Illegal connection | - |
A picture or diagram of the treatment system and chlorination plants
| Figure 6. A picture or diagram of the treatment system and chlorination plants | |
|---|
Table 20. Important risks related to the water treatment system
Hazard type: M = microbial, C = chemical, P = physical, IS = interruption in supply
Effect: 1 = minimal effect; 3 = serious impact, 5 = very serious impact
Frequency: Rare (1) < 1% of the time, cases, connections; Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time, cases, connections; Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases, connections
| 1 | lack of chemicals | M,C,P=microbial,chemical,physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3= Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Lack of qualified personnel | M,C,P=microbial,chemical,physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3= Likely (3) > 20% of the time, cases | 7 – 10 High risk |
Table 21. Water loss in the treatment system
Table 21. Water loss in the treatment system
Pictures of typical meter situation and storage tanks
| Figure 7: Pictures of typical meter situation and storage tanks |  |
|---|
Table 22. Important risks in the storage reservoir(s)
Provide a brief description of the storage reservoir(s) (Figure 7) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 21). This may include: leakages, damage because of the war, contamination, lack of maintenance. In case water chlorination is included in the storage reservoir than this also needs to be described (and this may entail problems with the supply of chlorine. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place including water that may be lost through the overflow or water used for cleaning (Table 22).
| 1 | Unavailability of counters for calculating the volumes of outflowing water | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Unavailability of a power unit to operate the centrifugal pump for the fruit tank | IS = interruption in supply | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
Table 23. Water loss in water storage reservoir
Table 23. Water loss in water storage reservoir
| 1 | Description of water loss | 1% |
Water Distribution Network Diagram
| Figure 8: Diagram of water distribution networks | |
|---|
Table 24. Important risks in the distribution system(s
Provide a brief description of the distribution system(s) (length, diameter, type of material, age, condition, overflow, water meter(s) and valves) and a schematic drawing of the system (Figure 8). Indicate the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 23). This may include: intermittent water supply (rationing), high leakage, illegal connections, inadequate repairs, damage due to the war. Also give an indication of the water loss that may take place and the water pressure distribution (Table 24).
| 1 | lack of chemicals | M,C,P=microbial,chemical, physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Lack of qualified personnel | M,C,P=microbial,chemical, physical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
Table 25. Water loss in water distribution system
| 1 | Network leaks due to network erosion | 5% |
A picture of the condition of the meter and the household tank
| Figure 9: Picture of the case of the meter and the household tank | |
|---|
Table 26. Important risks in Household water storage
Provide a brief description of household water situation (type of water meter, household water storage (size, type of material) (Figure 9) and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect the system performance, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 25). Explore whether risks are gender specific. Give an indication of the water loss that may take place (flowing toilets, plumbing problems, leaking taps, including water that may be lost through the overflow of storage tanks (Table 26).
| 1 | random connections | 346 | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 2 | Poor storage of drinking water | M,C=Microbial,Chemical | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 3 | per capita water consumption culture | M = Microbial | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 4 | Leaks from faucets | M,C=Microbial,Chemical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 27. Water loss at household level
Pictures of alternative water sources
| Figure 10: Pictures of alternative water sources | |
|---|
Table 28. Important risks in alternative water systems
Provide a brief description of alternative water systems (Figure 10), the level of use by consumers and an indication of the main hazardous events that may affect these systems, the hazards involved, the possible effect, the frequency and the resulting risk (Table 27). This may include for example local water distribution points that provide water to the community which they receive from tankers (paid by humanitarian organizations), local wells and rainwater systems. In the Yemeni context alternative water sources may be an important source for drinking water and may for example entail a risk of spreading cholera, but also may affect water sales of the utility, affecting its financial sustainability and resilience.
| 1 | Tanks maintenance | M,C,P=Microbial, Chemical, Physical | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
| 2 | Risen water m3 value | IS = interruption in supply | 5=Very serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | > 10 Intolerable risk |
Table 29. Less important risks that were identified
Table 29: Less important risks that were identified
| 1 | High number of unqualified employees | LF=lack of finance to pay staff and suppliers | 3 = Serious impact | 3=Likely (3) > 20% of the time | (7 – 10) High risk |
| 2 | Weak structure, regulations and job descriptions | IS = interruption in supply | 3 = Serious impact | 2=Moderate (2) 1 – 20% of the time | 3 – 6 Medium risk |
Table 30. Intervention to reduce risk of water tariff not covering cost
Intervention to reduce risk of water tariff not covering cost
| 1 | Water tariff does not cover operating expenses | 2 months | - | Decisions to raise tariffs, taking into account the limited income category | 1. Raising the cost equivalent to operating expenses 2. Find fuel subsidies 3. Introduction of solar energy sources 4. Return of government electricit |
| 2 | Weakness of the partcipants’ database, network maps, and qualification of the job staff | 9 | 25000 | - Funding for the implementation of modern systems, a digital map, a geographic information system, GIS - Implementation of the automated collection system - Rehabilitation of the staff | 1- Create a unified database 2- Gathering the necessary data and plans 3- Inventory of existing equipment and identification of needs |
| 3 | High indebtedness due to the inability to pay due to the war and the interruption of salaries / high indebtedness with government agencies | 3- 5 | - | - Addressing government agencies to pay. Installment payments for citizens due to war conditions. - Follow up on commercial collection | 1- Addressing the finance through the Ministry of Water regarding the government debt 2- Finding solutions by supplying the value of the government bill or its opposite in return for supplying fuel |
| 4 | Reducing support from international donor organizations and stopping government support from 2015 | 6 months | - | State decisions to make annual allocations to support the developmental water sector in line with urban development and population density Communicating with donors to support the water sector on an exceptional basis | - Studies by specialists to assess the situation of the water sector and what are the threats facing them |
Table 31. Intervention to Very high NRW (technical and financial losses)
Intervention to Very high NRW (technical and financial losses)
| 1 | The high rate of administrative and technical water losses | 9 months | 95000 | - Community involvement through awareness campaigns to conserve water - Installing water meters for main lines - Installing water meters for participants (and following up on checking them) - Treating leaks, replacing worn out pipes, and rehabilitating the network | 1- An inventory of participants who do not have water meters, and old and stoped water meters 2- Inventory of leaks points in the network. |
Table 32. Intervention to reduce risk of high fuel prices and frequent fuel crises (Fuel Instability)
Intervention to reduce risk of high fuel prices and frequent fuel crises (Fuel Instability)
table 33.Intervention to reduce risk of households water storage tanks
In this section, the proposed actions to improve the system and enhance its resilience are presented in some detail. In this version of the report the activities related to only one of the main risks are presented in table (A2.10.1); in the final version also the other priority actions will be included.
| 1 | Lack of water sources - 4 wells out of service - sudden drop in levels for western region wells - illegal use of the wells field | 12 months | 300000 - 2500000 | Introducing water sources to keep up with demand and cover the deficit, number 10 wells - Updating the water law to ensure the reduction of tampering with water basins - Establishing a judicial court to solve water problems | High diesel fuel prices, frequent crises, and the inability to find |
| 2 | Risen percentage of water loss, and lackage form convince pipes due to its old age | 16 months | 4000000 | - Replacement of the affected networks for 7 squares (the new ones - the house and the 7th of July - Ali bin Abi Talib - customs - the medical complex - the charter) Supplying and installing 10,000 counters for subscribers | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network |
| 3 | Unavailability of pressures at the edges of the network | 3 months | 80000 | Supplying and installing a 250-kilowatt generator to operate the centrifugal pump for the Thimrao tank (solar energy source). Network replacement for small diameters Determine the capacity required to operate the centrifugal pump 3 | Identified the need power to operate the center fugal pump |
table 34: Intervention to reduce risk of sewers blockage
In this section, the proposed actions to improve the system and enhance its resilience are presented in some detail. In this version of the report the activities related to only one of the main risks are presented in table (34); in the final version also the other priority actions will be included.
| 1 | Frequent blockages in the old sewage network | 9 months | 700000 | Implementation of the conveying line from the western ring road to the treatment plant, to relieve pressure on the old network | 1. Inventory and evaluation of network and manhole status 2. Identification of the most clogged areas during operation 1- Awareness of the city’s citizens on the sewage network |
| 2 | Drainage of rain water through the sewage network / | 3 months | 55000 | - Involving the community by implementing awareness not to open covers during rain and raising awareness about rainwater harvesting. | 1- Preparing a comprehensive awareness plan for brochures and advertisements 2- 2- Preparing the study to expand the saccharin and the torrential channel |
| 3 | Concrete erosion of old manholes | 6 months | 150000 | Waste from restaurants and public toilets / waste and solutions of hospitals and slaughterhouses | 1- Inventory and determination of the affected manholes 2- Determine suitable places for hobbies in the sewage network |
| 4 | Waste from restaurants and public toilets / waste and solutions of hospitals and slaughterhouses | 12 | 2000000 | - Rehabilitation of the treatment plant by implementing the expansion of the anaerobic treatment phase, basin No. 6 Community participation by creating awareness and guidance on how to mitigate waste disposal | 1- Raising awareness with brochures and instructions on the importance of making basins for hospitals and restaurants before entering sewage water into the sewage network 2- Study of the rehabilitation of the treatment phase basins of the treatment plant |
